Consecuencias ecológicas de los escapes accidentales de la acuicultura: una visión general de los riesgos, las estrategias de remediación y las lagunas de conocimiento en el sector de la acuicultura de la India y los países ribereños de África Oriental
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47193/mafis.3742024010709Palabras clave:
Escapes de la acuicultura, especies invasoras, política pesquera, Biodiversidad, ecosistema acuático, acuicultura sostenibleResumen
La expansión global de la acuicultura ha impulsado importantes avances tecnológicos, incluidos los raceways, Sistemas Integrados Multitróficos en Acuicultura (IMTA) y jaulas marinas en alta mar. Sin embargo, los escapes de la acuicultura clandestina representan una grave amenaza para la biodiversidad acuática, actuando como una potencial bomba de tiempo para todo el ecosistema. Abordar esta cuestión requiere una comprensión integral del impacto de las fugas involuntarias en los ecosistemas acuáticos, particularmente en la India y los países ribereños de África Oriental (Kenia, Uganda y Tanzania). Utilizando un diseño de investigación exploratoria basado en varias fuentes evaluadas por pares, este estudio describe el crecimiento dinámico de la acuicultura en estos países, identifica incidentes de escape de alto impacto y correlaciona riesgos y soluciones con casos globales, especialmente en regiones como Noruega, Escocia, Irlanda, Colombia y Estados Unidos, en donde se han reportado incidentes graves de escapes de la acuicultura. La investigación categoriza las tendencias de desarrollo de la acuicultura, analiza los mecanismos del impacto de los escapes, propone soluciones, evalúa métodos y la fuerza inferencial, y destaca las lagunas existentes en la literatura. El estudio reveló complejos cambios ecológicos causados por la fuga de especies de peces invasoras no nativas provenientes de la acuicultura, que afectan la predación, la competencia y la diversidad genética. Los peces que se escapan de las instalaciones acuícolas representan una amenaza significativa para la biodiversidad acuática, especialmente en las regiones de estudio. El creciente riesgo de fugas involuntarias se puso de relieve en la India y en tres países de África Oriental. Para mitigar este hecho, el estudio propone integrar la gestión de los escapes en los sistemas pesqueros nacionales, modificar las leyes pesqueras, responsabilizar a los piscicultores por las fallas del sistema de cultivo y desarrollar regulaciones integrales para las especies exóticas en la acuicultura en las regiones de estudio. Se recomienda estandarizar la planificación de las instalaciones de acuicultura e implementar planes de emergencia, capacitación, movilización local y más investigaciones sobre los umbrales de impacto de los escapes de especies cultivadas. La educación ecológica en las comunidades acuícolas y el reconocimiento del papel de los científicos transnacionales son cruciales para la difusión del conocimiento. Se necesita una acción gubernamental urgente para abordar los escapes no reportados de la acuicultura, evitando una mayor degradación de los ecosistemas y garantizando la sostenibilidad de la acuicultura global.
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Mahadevan Harikrishnan, School of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 682022, Kerala, India
A. R. Nikhila Khanna, School of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 682022, Kerala, India
Citas
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