The response of the natural and sewage-impacted intertidal mussel community of the SW Atlantic to pulse (before / after summer) and chronic sewage discharges in the 1997-2014 period
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47193/mafis.3532022010901Keywords:
Epilithic community, macrobenthos, mussel bed, long term study, chronic and pulse disturbance, tendency, SW AtlanticAbstract
Until 2014 Mar del Plata city discharged its untreated sewage effluents to the intertidal sector. This city has a marked seasonality in the urban discharge, varying between 2.8 and 3.5 m3 s-1 of effluents before/after summer. The effect on the intertidal benthic community was evaluated in both spatially, in sewage-impacted and reference sites, and temporarily in both the short term, before/after summer, and in long term along nine periods between 1997-2014. The bivalve Brachidontes rodriguezii, the ecosystem engineer, reach the maximum dominance and frequency in reference areas. Spatially the presence of opportunistic and tolerant species characterized the impacted areas, while in reference sites sensitive species were prevalent. The opportunistic polychaete species Capitella ‘capitata’ sp. and Alitta succinea were dominant near the sewage discharge in firsts periods. In other periods the indicator species were Rhynchospio glutaea or Boccardia spp. From 2008 the invader Boccardia proboscidea characterized the sewage-impacted sites building massive reefs. The crustaceans Jassa falcata and Caprella sp. were very abundant at intermediate distances from the sewage discharge, while Monocorophium insidiosum was very abundant in sewage-impacted areas. The tolerant and opportunistic species are favored after the summer due to the extra organic matter input. All community parameters showed lower values after the summer, and also a trend to diminish along the studied period.
Downloads
Metrics
Author Biography
Rodolfo Elías, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Departamento de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Grupo Bioindicadores Bentónicos. Funes 3350, B7602AYL - Mar del Plata, Argentina
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6113-6708References
Adami ML, Tablado A, López Gappa JJ. 2004. Spatial and temporal variability in intertidal assemblages dominated by the mussel Brachidontes rodriguezii (d’Orbigny, 1846). Hydrobiologia. 520: 49-59.
Adami ML, Tablado A, Sodor MA. 2008. Population dynamics of the intertidal mytilid Brachidontes rodriguezii (bivalvia) on a rocky shore. Thalassas. 24 (1): 21-27.
Adami ML, Schwindt E, Tablado A, Calcagno J, Labraga JC, Orensanz JM Lobo. 2018. Intertidal mussel beds from the South-western Atlantic show simple structure and uniform appearance: does environmental harshness explain the community? Mar Biol Res. 14 (4): 403-419.
Amor A, López Armengol MF, Iñiguez Rodriguez AM, Traversa LP. 1991. Intertidal endolithic fauna and its relationship to the mineralogical, physical and chemical characteristics of the substrate. Mar Biol. 111: 271-280.
Anderson MJ. 2001. A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance. Austral Ecology. 26: 32-46.
Becherucci ME, Santiago L, Benavides HR, Vallarino EA. 2016. Assessing sewage impact in a South-West Atlantic rocky shore intertidal algal community. Mar Pollut Bull. 106 (1-2): 388-394.
Bertness MD, Crain CM, Silliman BR, Bazterrica MC, Reyna MV, Hildago F, Kongo Farina FJ. 2006. The community structure of Western Atlantic Patagonian rocky shores. Ecol Monogr. 76 (3): 439-460.
Bishop MJ, Underwood P, Archambault P. 2002. Sewage and environmental impacts on rocky shores: necessity of identifying relevant spatial scales. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 236: 121-128.
Borja A, Bricker SB, Dauer DM, Demetriades NT, Ferreira JG, Forbes AT, Hutchings P, Jia X, Kenchington R, Marques JC, Zhu C. 2008. Overview of integrative tools and methods in assessing ecological integrity in estuarine and coastal systems worldwide. Mar Pollut Bull. 56 (9): 1519-37.
Borja A, Muxika I, Franco J. 2006. Long-term recovery of soft-bottom benthos following urban and industrial sewage treatment in the Nervión estuary (southern Bay of Biscay). Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 313: 43-55.
Borthagaray AI, Carranza A. 2007. Mussels as ecosystem engineers: their contribution to species richness in a rocky littoral community. Acta Oecol. 31: 243-250.
Bouvet Y, Desse RP, Morell P, Villar MC. 2005. Mar del Plata (Argentina): la ciudad balnearia de los porteños en el Atlántico suroccidental. Investigaciones Geográficas. 36: 61-80.
Bradstock M, editor. 2015. New Zealand marine pest guide. Wellington: Ministry for Primary Industries. 30 p.
Bricker SB, Ferreira JG, Simas T. 2003. An integrated methodology for assessment of estuarine trophic status. Ecol Modell. 169 (1): 39-60.
Clarke KR, Warwick RM. 2001. Change in marine communities: an approach to statistical analysis and interpretation. 2nd ed. Plymouth: PRIMER-E. 172 p.
Cloern JE. 2001. Our evolving conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem. Mar Ecol Progr Ser. 210: 223-253.
Comino AP, Frick W, Ge Z, Scagliola M, Patat L. 2008. Beach water quality of Mar del Plata (Argentina) previous to outfall construction: ten years of bacterial control and Virtual Beach model prediction testing. Marine Waste Water Disposal and Marine Environment. Croatia.
Comino AP, Scagliola M, Ge Z, Frick W. 2011. Integrated coastal management strategy of Mar del Plata city and the use of Virtual Beach as a management tool. International Symposium on Outfall Systems (IEMES). May 15-18, Mar del Plata, Argentina. p. 1-8.
Dauvin J-C, Bellan G, Bellan-Santini D. 2010. Benthic indicators: from subjectivity to objectivity-where is the line? Mar Pollut Bull. 60: 947-953.
Díaz RJ, Rosenberg R. 2008. Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine eco-systems. Science. 321: 926-929.
EC. 2000. Directive 200/60/EC of the European parliament and of the council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for community action in the field of water policy.
Elías R, Jaubet ML, Llanos EN, Sánchez MA, Rivero MS, Garaffo GV, Sandrini-Neto L. 2015. Effect of the invader Boccardia proboscidea (Polychaeta: Spionidae) on richness, diversity and structure of SW Atlantic epilithic intertidal community. Mar Pollut Bull. 91: 530-536.
Elías R, Méndez N, Muniz P, Cabanillas R, Gutiérrez-Rojas C, Rozbaczylo N, Londoño-Mesa MH, Gárate Contreras PJ, Cárdenas-Calle M, Villamar F, et al. 2021. Una revisión de los poliquetos como indicadores biológicos en Latinoamérica y el Caribe. Mar Fish Sci. 34 (1): 37-107.
Elías R, Palacios JR, Rivero MS, Vallarino EA. 2005. Short-term responses to sewage discharge and storms of subtidal sand-bottom macrozoobenthic assemblages off Mar del Plata City, Argentina (SW Atlantic). J Sea Res. 53: 231-242.
Elías R, Rivero, MS, Palacios JR, Vallarino EA. 2006. Sewage-induced disturbance on Polychaetes inhabiting intertidal mussel beds of Brachidontes rodriguezii off Mar del Plata (Southwestern Atlantic, Argentina). In: Sarda R, San Martin G, Lopez E, Martin D, George D, editors. Scientific advances on polychaete research. Sci Mar. 70 (3): 187-196.
Elías R, Rivero MS, Sánchez MA, Jaubet L, Vallarino E. 2009. Do treatments of sewage plants really work? The intertidal mussels’ community of the southwestern Atlantic shore (38° S, 57° W) as a case study. Rev Biol Mar Oceanogr. 44 (2): 357-368.
Elías R, Rivero, MS, Vallarino E. 2003a. Sewage impact on the composition and distribution of Polychaeta associated to intertidal mussel beds of the Mar del Plata rocky shore, Argentina. Iheringia, Ser. Zool. 93 (3): 309-318.
Elías R, Vallarino EA, Palacios JR. 2003b. Subtidal macrobenthic communities of the Mar del Plata area (38° S, 57° W, Argentina): relationship with sediments and domestic sewage. Neotropica. 49.
Elías R, Vallarino EA, Scagliola M, Isla FI. 2004. Macrobenthic distribution pattern at a sewage disposal site in the inner Shelf off Mar del Plata (SW Atlantic). J Coast Res. 20 (4): 1176-1182.
Fabry VJ, Seibel BA, Feely RA, Orr JC. 2008. Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes. ICES J Mar Sci. 65 (3): 414-432.
Fauchald K, Jumars PA. 1979. The diet of worms: a study of polychaetes feeding guilds. Oceanogr Mar Biol Ann Rev. 17: 193-284.
Ferreira JG, Andersen JH, Borja A, Bricker SB, Camp J, Cardoso DA Silva M, Gracés E, Heiskanen AS, Humborg C, Ignatiades L, et al. 2011. Overview of eutrophication indicators to assess environmental status within the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci. 93: 117-131.
Garaffo GV, Jaubet ML, Becherucci ME, Elías R. 2017. Assessing environmental health using ecological indices for soft-bottom in sewage-affected rocky shores: The case of the largest seaside resort of SW Atlantic. Mar Pollut Bull. 115: 233-239.
Garaffo GV, Jaubet ML, Sánchez MA, Rivero MS, Vallarino EA, Elías R. 2012. Sewage-induced polychaete reefs in a SW Atlantic shore: rapid response to small scale disturbance. Mar Ecol Evol Perspec. 33: 272-279.
Godoy CE, Isla FI, Elías R. 2011. Macroinfaunal distribution at an organic-enriched estuarine harbour: Quequén Grande River inlet, Argentina. Gravel. 9 (1): 57-67.
Gollner S, Kaiser S, Menzel L, Jones D, Brown A, Mestre NC, Van Oevelen D, Menot L, Colaço A, Canals M, et al. 2017. Resilience of benthic deep-sea fauna to mining activities. Mar Environ Res. 129: 76-101.
Grall J, Glemarec M. 1997. Using biotic indices to estimate macrobenthic community perturbations in the Bay of Brest. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci. 44 (1): 43-53.
Grassle JF, Grassle JP. 1977. Temporal adaptations in sibling species of Capitella. In: Coul BC, editor. Ecology of marine benthos. Columbia: University of South California Press. p. 177-189.
Gray JS, Wu RS, Or YY. 2002. Effects of hypoxia and organic enrichment on the coastal marine environment. Mar Ecol Progr Ser. 238: 249-279.
Guerrero RA, Piola AR. 1997. Masas de agua en la plataforma continental. In: Boschi EE, editor. El Mar Argentino y sus recursos pesqueros. Tomo 1. Antecedentes históricos de las exploraciones en el mar y las características ambientales. Mar del Plata: Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero (INIDEP). p. 107-118.
Halpern BS, Walbridge S, Selkoe KA, Kappel CV, Micheli F, D’agrosa C, Bruno JF, Casey KS, Ebert C, Fox HE, Fujita R. 2008. A global map of human impact on marine eco-systems. Science. 319 (5865): 948-952
Hayes K, Sliwa C, Migus S, Mcennulty F, Dunstan P. 2005. National priority pests – Part II. Ranking of Australian marine pests. An independant report undertaken for the Department of Environment and Heritage by CSIRO Marine Research, Australian Government Department of the Environment and Heritage.
Hildago F, Silliman BR, Bazterrica MC, Bertness MD. 2007. Predation on the rocky shores of Patagonia, Argentina. Estuar Coast. 30 (5): 886-894.
Hindell JS, Quinn GP. 2000. Effects of sewage effluent on the population structure of Brachidontes rostratus (Mytilidae) on a temperate intertidal rocky shore. Mar Freshwat Res. 51: 543-551.
Isla FI, Ferrante A. 1997. Corrientes. In: Isla FI, editor. Estudio del sector de plataforma receptor de la descarga cloacal de Camet, Mar del Plata. Mar del Plata: Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. p. 63-116.
Islam, MS, Tanaka M. 2004. Impacts of pollution on coastal and marine ecosystems including coastal and marine fisheries and approach for management: a review and synthesis. Mar Pollut Bull. 48 (7-8): 624-49.
Jaubet ML. 2013. Boccardia proboscidea, un poliqueto invasor en el Atlántico Sudoccidental y su efecto sobre la comunidad bentónica intermareal [dissertation]. Mar del Plata: Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. 226 p.
Jaubet ML, Garaffo GV, Sánchez MA, Elías R. 2013. Reef-forming polychaetes outcompetes ecosystem engineering mussels. Mar Pollut Bull. 71: 216-221.
Jaubet ML, Sánchez MA, Rivero MS, Garaffo GV, Vallarino EA, Elías R. 2011. Sewage-induced biogenic reefs build by indicator polychaete in intertidal areas of the SW Atlantic. Mar. Ecol. 32 (2): 188-197.
Llanos EN. 2018. Biodiversidad y patrones sucesionales en comunidades bentónicas intermareales de Mar del Plata afectadas por contaminación orgánica [dissertation]. Mar del Plata: Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. p. 252.
Llanos EN, Saracho Bottero MA, Jaubet ML, Garaffo GV, Hines E, Cuello GV, Elías R. 2021. The boom-bust dynamic of the invader Boccardia proboscidea mediated by sewage discharge: the response of the intertidal epilithic community in the Southwest Atlantic. Mar Pollut Bull. 164: 112045.
López Gappa JJ, Tablado A, Magaldi NH. 1990. Influence of sewage pollution on a rocky intertidal community dominated by the mytilid Brachidontes rodriguezi. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 63: 163-175.
López Gappa JJ, Tablado A, Magaldi NH. 1993. Seasonal changes in an intertidal community affected by sewage pollution. Environ Pollut. 82 (2): 157-165.
Lucas AJ, Guerrero, RA, Mianzan HW, Acha EM, Lasta CA. 2005. Coastal oceanographic regimes of the Northern Argentine Continental Shelf (34-43° S). Estuar Coast Shelf Sci. 65: 405-420.
Manolidis N, Álvarez JA. 1994. Grandes tormentas en la zona costera marplatense entre 1980-1992. Centro Oceanográfico Buenos Aires. Serie Ciencia y Técnica. 5: 1-33.
Martins CC, Ferreira JA, Taniguchi S, Mahiques MM, Bícego MC, Montone RC. 2008. Spatial distribution of sedimentary linear alkylbenzenes and faecal steroids of Santos Bay and adjoining continental shelf, SW Atlantic, Brazil: origin and fate of sewage contamination in the shallow coastal environment. Mar Pollut Bull. 56: 1353-1376.
Medeiros PM, Bícego MC. 2004. Investigation of natural and anthropogenic hydrocarbon inputs in sediments using geochemical markers. I. Santos, SP-Brazil. Mar Pollut Bull. 49: 761-769.
Menge BA. 2000. Top-down and bottom-up community regulation in marine rocky intertidal habitats. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol. 250 (1-2): 257-289.
Montoya NG, Carignan M, Baldoni A, Benavides H. 2021. Dinámica estacional de parámetros ambientales en dos localidades costeras de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (2008-2011). Inf Invest INIDEP Nº 29/2021. 11 p.
Muniz P, Pires-Vanin AMS, Martins CC, Montone RC, Bícego MC. 2006. Trace metals and organic compounds in the benthic environment of a subtropical embayment (Ubatuba Bay, Brazil). Mar Pollut Bull. 52: 1090-1117.
Muniz P, Lana P, Venturini N, Elías R, Vallarino E, Bremec C, Martins C, Sandrini Neto L. 2013. Un manual de protocolos para evaluar la contaminación marina por efluentes domésticos. Editora UdelaR. 129 p.
Nixon SW. 2009. Coastal marine eutrophication: a definition. Social causes and future concerns. Ophelia. 41: 199-219.
Nugent P. 1986. Ecología y biología de los mejillinares de Brachidontes rodriguezi (D’ Orb., 1846) en el litoral bonaerense [dissertation]. La Plata: Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. 86 p.
Olivier SA, Escofet A, Orensanz JM, Pezzani SE, Turró AM, Turró ME. 1966. Contribución al conocimiento de las comunidades bénticas de Mar del Plata. l. El litoral rocoso entre Playa Grande y Playa Chica. An Comis Invest Cient. 7: 185-206.
Palomo MG, Bagur M, Quiroga M, Soria S, Bugnot A. 2016. Ecological impacts of two non-indigenous macroalgae on an urban rocky intertidal shore. Mar Biol. 163: 178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-016-2951-6
Patricio J, Neto JM, Teixeira H, Salas F, Marques JC. 2009. The robustness of ecological indicators to detect long-term changes in the macrobenthos of estuarine systems. Mar Environ Res. 68: 25-36.
Pearson TH, Rosenberg R. 1978. Macrobenthic succession in relation to organic enrichment and pollution of the marine environment. Oceanogr Mar Biol Ann Rev. 16: 229-311.
Penchaszadeh P. 1973. Ecología de la comunidad del mejillín (Brachidontes rodriguezii, D’Orb.) en el mediolitoral rocoso de Mar del Plata (Argentina): el proceso de recolonización. Physis. 32 (84): 51-64.
Pinedo S, García M, Satta MP, De Torres M, Ballesteros E. 2007. Rocky-shore communities as indicators of water quality: a case study in the northwestern mediterranean. Mar Pollut Bull. 55: 126-135.
Piola RF, Johnston EL. 2008. Pollution reduces native diversity and increases invader dominance in marine hard-substrate communities. Diversity Distrib. 14: 329-342.
Pocklington P, Wells PG. 1992. Polychaetes. Key taxa for marine environmental quality monitoring. Mar Pollut Bull. 24: 593-598.
Salas F, Marcos C, Neto JM, Patrício J, Pérez-Ruzafa A, Marques JC. 2006. User-friendly guide for using benthic ecological indicators in coastal and marine quality assessment. Ocean Coast Manag. 49 (5-6): 308-331.
Sánchez MA. 2013. Distribución y abundancia espacio-temporal de la comunidad intermareal de sustrato duro bajo la influencia de la descarga de aguas residuales de la ciudad de Mar del Plata [dissertation]. Mar del Plata: Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. 106 p.
Sánchez MA, Jaubet ML, Garaffo GV, Elías R. 2013. Spatial and long-term analysis on reference and sewage-impacted sites of the SW Atlantic (38° S, 57° W) to assess sensitive and tolerant polychaetes. Mar Pollut Bull. 74: 325-333.
Scagliola M, Comino AP, Von Haeften G, González R. 2011. Integrated coastal management strategy of Mar del Plata city and the Sewage outfall project. In: International Symposium on Outfall Systems, May 15-18. Mar del Plata, Argentina. 8 p.
Scagliola M, Furchi P, Von Haeften G, Comino AP, Moschione E, González R, Gayoso G, Caldararo A, Cerdá G, Vergara S, et al. 2006. Sewage outfall project of Mar del Plata city (Argentina): an effective intervention to achieve quality objectives on the marine environment. In: 4rd International Conference on Marine Waste Water Disposal and Marine Environment, and 2nd International Exhibition on Materials Equipment and Service for Coastal WWTP, Outfalls and Sealines MWWD-IEMES, Nov. 6-10, Antalya, Turkey.
Scelzo MA, Elías R, Vallarino EA, Charrier M, Lucero N. 1996. Variación estacional de la estructura comunitaria y de la fauna acompañante del bivalvo Brachidontes rodriguezii (D’Orb., 1846) desarrollada en sustratos artificiales (Mar del Plata, Argentina). Nerítica. 10: 87-102.
Seed R, Suchanek TH. 1992. Population and community ecology of Mytilus. In: Gosling E, editor. The mussel Mytilus: ecology, physiology, genetics and culture. Develop Aquac Fish Sci. 25: 87-170.
Strayer DL, D’antonio CM, Essl F, Fowler MS, Geist J, Hilt S, Jari I, Jöhnk K, Jyones CG, Lambin X, et al. 2017. Boom-bust dynamics in biological invasions: towards an improved application of the concept. Ecol Letters. 20: 1337-1350.
Teruggi ME. 1959. Las arenas de la Costa de la Provincia de Buenos Aires entre Cabo San Antonio y Bahía Blanca. Boletín Ministerio de Obras Públicas, LEMIT. 2 (77): 1-37.
Tokeshi M. 1995. Polychaete abundance and dispersion patterns in mussel beds: a non-trivial ‘infaunal’ assemblage on a Pacific South American rocky shore. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 125: 137-147.
Torres A, Caille G. 2009. Las comunidades del intermareal rocoso antes y después de la eliminación de un disturbio antropogénico: un caso de estudio en las costas de Puerto Madryn (Patagonia, Argentina). Rev Biol Mar Oceanogr. 44 (2): 517-521.
Torroglosa ME. 2015. Biología reproductiva y crecimiento de Brachidontes rodriguezii (d’Orbigny, 1846) en sustratos duros artificiales en playas arenosas de la provincia de Buenos Aires [dissertation]. Buenos Aires: Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. 142 p.
Trovant B, Elías R, Diez ME, de León-González JA. 2012. Polychaetes (Annelida) of Bunche and Cabo San Francisco Beaches, Esmeraldas Province (Ecuador). Mar Biodiver Records 5: 1-8.
Tsuchiya M, Bellan-Santini D. 1989. Vertical distribution of shallow rocky shore organisms and community structure of mussel beds (Mytilus galloprovincialis) along the coast of Marseille, France. Mesogée. 49: 91-110.
Tsuchiya M, Nishihira M. 1986. Islands of Mytilus edulis as a habitat for small intertidal animals: effect of Mytilus age structure on the species composition of the associated fauna and community organization. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 31: 171-178.
[UNESCO] United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 2003. A Reference guide on the use of indicators for integrated coastal management. ICAM Dossier 1, IOC Manuals and Guides. 45.
USEPA 2002. Federal Water Pollution Control Act, United States Code.
Vallarino EA. 2002. La comunidad bentónica intermareal de Brachidontes rodriguezii (D’Orb.) y su relación con el efluente cloacal de la ciudad de Mar del Plata (38° S) [dissertation]. Mar del Plata: Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. 188 p.
Vallarino E, Elías R. 1997. The dynamics of an introduced Balanus glandula population in the Southwestern Atlantic Rocky Shores. The consequences on the intertidal community. Mar Ecol. 18 (4): 319-335.
Vallarino EA, Elías R. 2006. High-diverse lowly variable sewage-impacted community, low-diverse highly variable natural community: the paradox of the intertidal mussel beds of temperate areas of the SW Atlantic (38º S, 57º W). Current Trends in Ecology. 1: 77-91.
Vallarino EV, Garaffo GV, Jaubet ML, Sánchez MA, Rivero MS, Elías R. 2014. Response of mussel population to sewage-impact in rocky-stony shore. Thalassas. 30: 51-56.
Vallarino EA, Rivero MS, Gravina MC, Elías R. 2002. The community-level response to sewage impact in intertidal mytilid beds of the South Western Atlantic, and the use of the Shannon index to assess pollution. Rev Biol Mar Oceanogr. 37: 25-33.
Warwick RM. 1993. Environmental impact studies on marine communities: pragmatical considerations. Australian J Ecol. 18: 63-80.
Walkley A, Black A. 1965. Organic carbon. In: Black A, Evans J, editors. Methods of soils analysis. Part I and II. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, USA. p. 1367-1378.
[WWAP] Programa Mundial de Evaluación de los Recursos Hídricos de las Naciones Unidas. 2017. Informe mundial de las Naciones Unidas sobre el desarrollo de los recursos hídricos. Aguas residuales: el recurso desaprovechado. París: UNESCO. 202 p.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 R. Elías, S. Sabatini, C. Dávila
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors of articles published in Marine and Fishery Sciences retain copyright on their articles, except for any third-party images and other materials added by Marine and Fishery Sciences, which are subject to copyright of their respective owners. Authors are therefore free to disseminate and re-publish their articles, subject to any requirements of third-party copyright owners and subject to the original publication being fully cited. Visitors may also download and forward articles subject to the citation requirements. The ability to copy, download, forward or otherwise distribute any materials is always subject to any copyright notices displayed. Copyright notices must be displayed prominently and may not be obliterated, deleted or hidden, totally or partially.
This journal offers authors an Open Access policy. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other legal purpose within the Creative Commons 4.0 license (BY-NC-SA), without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of Open Access.
