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๎˜ฐ๏บ๏Ž‹๏Ž‚๏Ž‡๏พ๎˜ƒ๏บ๏Ž‡๏ฝ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๏Ž‚๏ŽŒ๏Ž๏พ๏Ž‹๏Ž’๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๏ผ๏Ž‚๏พ๏Ž‡๏ผ๏พ๏ŽŒ๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๏Ž‘๏Ž‘๏Ž‘๎˜๏Ž‘๏Ž‘๏Ž‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜—๎˜š๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜–๎˜’๎™๎™„๎šฟ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜–๎˜œ๎˜—๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜™๎˜“๎˜“๎˜”๎˜”๎˜“๎˜“๎˜›
Marine and
Fishery Sciences
MAFIS
*๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜
๎™Ž๎™Ž๎™…๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™‹๎˜ฃ๎™Š๎™๎™„๎™Œ๎™๎˜‘๎™†๎™’๎™
๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜š๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™˜๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜™
๎˜ค๎™†๎™†๎™ˆ๎™“๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎™“๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™…๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜™
๎˜ฌ๎˜ถ๎˜ถ๎˜ฑ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜™๎˜›๎˜–๎˜๎˜š๎˜˜๎˜œ๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™“๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎˜Œ
๎˜ฌ๎˜ถ๎˜ถ๎˜ฑ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜™๎˜›๎˜–๎˜๎˜š๎˜œ๎˜˜๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜Œ
๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™’๎™๎™–๎˜‘๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™“๎˜‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎˜‘๎™„๎™•
๎˜ƒ
๎˜ญ๎™’๎™˜๎™•๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’
๎˜‹๎˜ฌ๎˜ฑ๎˜ฌ๎˜ง๎˜จ๎˜ณ๎˜Œ
๎˜ท๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™’๎™•๎™Ž๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™—๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜
๎˜ฑ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ถ๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ค๎™๎™Œ๎™Ž๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™Œ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™ˆ
๎˜ฑ๎˜ฒ๎˜ท๎˜จ๎˜ƒ
Fishery-dependent biological observations of the crocodile shark,
Pseudocarcharias kamoharai, from the southeast coast of India
๎˜ถ๏Ž๏พ๏Ž๏บ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๏พ๏ŽŽ๏Ž‹๏บ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฎ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฎ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๏Ž‚๏Ž‡๏พ๏พ๏ŽŒ๏Ž๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฝ๎™’๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™˜๎™•๎™™๎™ˆ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™’๎™„๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‘๎™„๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฒ๎˜ต๎˜ฆ๎˜ฌ๎˜ง๎˜ƒSweta Beura๎˜ƒ ๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™’๎™•๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜œ๎˜๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜˜๎˜๎˜•๎˜š๎˜•๎˜”๎˜๎˜–๎˜›๎˜™๎˜“๎˜๎˜ƒK. K. Bineesh๎˜ƒ ๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™’๎™•๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜”๎˜๎˜œ๎˜š๎˜š๎˜˜๎˜๎˜“๎˜”๎˜›๎˜ป
ABSTRACT. ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™Ž๎˜๎˜ƒPseudocarcharias kamoharai๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™…๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™˜๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™’๎™•๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™„๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎˜ƒ
๎šฟ๎™–๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎™œ๎˜๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™œ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎˜ฎ๎™„๎™Ž๎˜
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‘๎™„๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™—๎™š๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™ˆ๎™…๎™•๎™˜๎™„๎™•๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜š๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜“๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜๎˜•๎˜›๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜๎˜•๎˜™๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎™—๎™‹๎˜๎™š๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™‹๎™Œ๎™“๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฏ๎˜บ๎˜ต๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ
๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜บ๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜“๎˜”๎˜“๎˜—๎˜˜โ‹…๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜›๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ต๎˜•๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜š๎˜š๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™š๎™’๎˜๎™—๎™„๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎˜๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™–๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™’๎™š๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™…๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™„๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™…๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜™๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎™…๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜”๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™’๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™…๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜๎˜›๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜๎˜›๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎™˜๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎˜œ๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜๎˜•๎˜•๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™˜๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™™๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™…๎™•๎™œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜–๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜š๎˜๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ
๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™—๎™’๎™๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™™๎™„๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™‹๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™’๎™’๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™‹๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™˜๏ต๎™ˆ๎™•๎šฟ๎™–๎™‹๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™„๎™—๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™™๎™„๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒP. kamoharai๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™–๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜‘
Key words: ๎˜ณ๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™œ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™†๎™‹๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎™—๎™‹๎˜๎™š๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™‹๎™Œ๎™“๎˜‘
Observaciones biolรณgicas del tiburรณn cocodrilo Pseudocarcharias kamoharai, relacionadas a la
pesca, en la costa sureste de la India
RESUMEN.๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™•๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™†๎™’๎™‡๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒPseudocarcharias kamoharai๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ฉ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™†๎™ฐ๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™…๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™พ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ฉ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎™†๎™ฐ๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎›‹๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ณ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™–๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ด๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™๎™…๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™“๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฎ๎™„๎™Ž๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‘๎™„๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™–๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜š๎˜–๎˜๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜“๎˜•๎˜๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜›๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜™๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™„๎™๎™๎™„๎˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฏ๎˜บ๎˜ต๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜บ๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜๎˜“๎˜“๎˜”๎˜“๎˜—๎˜˜โ‹…๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜–๎˜๎˜•๎˜›๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ต๎˜•๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜๎˜š๎˜š๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™…๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎˜
๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™–๎™’๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™…๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™…๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜๎˜™๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™๎™…๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™…๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ
๎˜–๎˜๎˜˜๎˜”๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ด๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜•๎˜๎˜“๎˜๎˜›๎˜•๎˜๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎˜›๎˜–๎˜๎˜“๎˜๎˜›๎˜—๎˜๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™๎™…๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™๎™…๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™ธ๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜œ๎˜š๎˜๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜•๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™…๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™…๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™™๎™„๎™‘๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜–๎˜•๎˜๎˜š๎˜๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™—๎™˜๎™™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ด๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ด๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜
๎™†๎™๎™˜๎™œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™„๎™๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™๎™’๎™…๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™“๎™๎™ด๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒP. kamoharai๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™‹๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™„๎™๎™‡๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™˜๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™–๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘
Palabras clave: ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™๎™ฉ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™“๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™„๎™๎™๎™„๎˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎˜‘
Marine and Fishery Sciences 39 (4): xxx-xxx (2026)
๎˜•
๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™’๎™—๎™œ๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™˜๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™’๎™•๎˜
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™•๎™Œ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™Ž๎˜ƒ Pseudocarcharias kamoharai๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™—๎™–๎™˜๎™…๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜–๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™•๎™’๎™˜๎™Š๎™‹๎™’๎™˜๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™…๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™๎™’๎™…๎™„๎™๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎™“๎™„๎™Š๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜”๎˜ž๎˜ƒ
๎˜บ๎™˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™“๎™Œ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎™“๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™Ž๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™‘๎™’๎™˜๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™’๎™š๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™“๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™—๎™‹๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™๎™„๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎˜
๎™๎™„๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™–๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎™Š๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™œ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™“๎™‹๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™…๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™‹๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™˜๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™‹๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎™“๎™ˆ๎˜
๎™๎™„๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™“๎™‹๎™„๎™๎™’๎™“๎™’๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎™“๎™„๎™Š๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜”๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™•๎™ฉ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™—๎™‹๎™œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™•๎™‰๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™š๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™“๎™—๎™‹๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™†๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜“๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™›๎™‹๎™Œ๎™…๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™—๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™‹๎™„๎™๎™๎™’๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™“๎™Œ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜บ๎™„๎™๎™Ž๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™„๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜š๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ง๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™Œ๎™•๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎˜
๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™ˆ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™Ž๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™œ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎šฟ๎™–๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™š๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎šฟ๎™–๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™˜๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™–๎™˜๎™„๎™๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎™๎˜
๎™„๎™๎™…๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™–๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™’๎™‹๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™„๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™…๎™’๎™’๎™Ž๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฎ๎™œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜บ๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜จ๎˜ฝ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎šฟ๎™•๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜
๎™๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™„๎™Š๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™˜๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™’๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™“๎™‹๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™–๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™’๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™˜๎˜
๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‘๎™„๎™Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™„๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฎ๎™Œ๎™๎™‹๎™„๎™Ž๎™˜๎™‡๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎™š๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™†๎™†๎™˜๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™’๎™˜๎™—๎™‹๎™š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™„๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™•๎™„๎™…๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ค๎™Ž๎™‹๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™‹๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™“๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ณ๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™“๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜š๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™˜๎™๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™‘๎™‘๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฎ๎™„๎™‘๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™’๏ต๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™Œ๎™–๎™„๎™Ž๎™‹๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™—๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™‡๎™‹๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™๎™…๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™–๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™†๎™‹๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ญ๎™’๎™‹๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎™Š๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™’๎™‹๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™„๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™†๎™†๎™˜๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎˜
๎™•๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒP. kamoharai๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™˜๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™„๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎™—๎™‹๎˜๎™š๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฅ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™„๎™˜๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™„๎™๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎šฟ๎™–๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎™œ๎˜๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™“๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎˜
๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™…๎™„๎™…๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™„๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™„๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™“๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘
๎˜ค๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒP. kamoharai๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™“๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™—๎™š๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฉ๎™ˆ๎™…๎™•๎™˜๎™„๎™•๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™…๎™œ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™–๎™‹๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™…๎™’๎™˜๎™•๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎šถ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™„๎™–๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฎ๎™˜๎™๎™…๎™‹๎™„๎™…๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™Ž๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฎ๎™„๎™Ž๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎™‘๎™‡๎™‹๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™‹๎˜ž๎˜ƒ ๎™‘๎˜ƒ =๎˜ƒ ๎˜—๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฎ๎™„๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜
๎™‘๎™„๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™‡๎™˜๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ท๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎˜
๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎˜ฎ๎™„๎™Ž๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™“๎˜๎™š๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™•๎™Œ๎™‰๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™“๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™›๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜“๎˜“๎˜ƒ ๎™Ž๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™’๏ต๎™–๎™‹๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™“๎™—๎™‹๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜“๎˜“๎˜๎˜—๎˜“๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎šฟ๎™–๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™๎™˜๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒThunnus๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™“๎™“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒXiphias gladius๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎™ˆ๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™“๎™“๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™Œ๎™•๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™’๎™’๎™Ž๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™„๎™Œ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™‡๎™–๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™•๎™Œ๎™‰๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™†๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™‹๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜—๎˜“๎˜๎˜”๎˜›๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™’๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™“๎™‹๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™“๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™’๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™˜๎™๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™–๎™‹๎˜
๎™ˆ๎™•๎™œ๎˜๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™„๎™๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™˜๎™Š๎™‹๎˜ƒ
๎™‘๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎™—๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™˜๎™„๎™๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™†๎™„๎™๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™š๎˜๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™“๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™–๎™‹๎™๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™Œ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎˜
๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎™š๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎™“๎™„๎™Š๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎™—๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ท๎˜บ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™Š๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™›๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™…๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎™‘๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎™–๎™ˆ๎™–๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™๎˜
๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜บ๎˜ต๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™•๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎™—๎˜๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™–๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™’๎™Š๎˜๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™„๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒe๎˜Œ๎˜
๎™๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ท๎˜บ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎™๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹a๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜Ž๎˜ƒb๎™๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜Œ
๎˜ฌ๎™–๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™’๎™š๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ซ๎˜“๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™…๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™š๎™’๎˜๎™—๎™„๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎šถ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎˜๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎˜ƒ =๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎™…๎˜ƒ ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜’๎˜ถ๎˜จb๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎˜ฑ๎˜ฆ๎˜ฒ๎˜น๎˜ค๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™‘๎˜‹๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™›๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™๎™’๎™“๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™—๎™š๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™ˆ๎™›๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎™›๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎™–๎™ˆ๎™–๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™‘๎™‘๎˜๎˜บ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™—๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎˜๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™›๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™Š๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™‹๎™Œ๎˜๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™Š๎™’๎™’๎™‡๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎™–๎˜๎™’๎™‰๎˜๎šฟ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™Ž๎™‘๎™’๎™š๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™–๎™Œ๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎˜
๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™„๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒฮฑ๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜˜๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™‹๎™„๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
Beura and Bineesh: Biological information of Pseudocarcharias kamoharai from India ๎˜–
๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™†๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒPseudocarcharias kamoharai๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™˜๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™„๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฎ๎™„๎™Ž๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™‡๎™‹๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™‹๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‘๎™„๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™‡๎™˜๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎™Ž๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™–๎™‹๎˜๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™“๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™–๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎˜‘
๎˜ท๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™˜๎™๎™๎™„๎™•๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒPseudocarcharias kamoharai๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™„๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™œ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™˜๎™—๎™‹๎˜
๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™„๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎˜‘
๎˜ณ๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™‘๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™‘๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜š๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฉ๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™‘๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜Œ
๎˜ท๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™†๎™๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜š๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜๎˜”๎˜“๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜ƒ ๎˜š๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜–๎˜๎˜”๎˜“๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜ƒ ๎˜š๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜๎˜”๎˜“๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜“
๎˜ฐ๎™ˆ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒยฑ๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜ง๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™†๎™๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜›๎˜œ๎˜‘๎˜—๎˜ƒยฑ๎˜ƒ๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜ƒ ๎˜›๎˜œ๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜ƒยฑ๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜›๎˜ƒ ๎˜›๎˜œ๎˜‘๎˜›๎˜ƒยฑ๎˜ƒ๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜œ
๎˜ท๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™Š๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜๎˜•๎˜›๎˜“๎˜๎˜˜๎˜๎˜•๎˜™๎˜“๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜๎˜˜๎˜˜๎˜™๎˜๎˜–๎˜๎˜–๎˜—๎˜•๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜๎˜•๎˜›๎˜“๎˜๎˜˜๎˜๎˜•๎˜™๎˜“
๎˜ฐ๎™ˆ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎™—๎˜ƒยฑ๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜ง๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™Š๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜๎˜š๎˜›๎˜—๎˜ƒยฑ๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜”๎˜•๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜๎˜˜๎˜—๎˜•๎˜ƒยฑ๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜™๎˜˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜–๎˜๎˜”๎˜•๎˜›๎˜ƒยฑ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜๎˜“๎˜š๎˜˜
๎˜ฆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™†๎™๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜™๎˜๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜™๎˜ƒ ๎˜
๎˜ถ๎™๎™„๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜›๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜›๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜“
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜›๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜ƒ ๎˜›๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜“
Marine and Fishery Sciences 39 (4): xxx-xxx (2026)
๎˜—
๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜œ๎˜˜๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎šฟ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™œ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™œ๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™˜๎™๎˜ณ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜—๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎˜ณ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™—๎™“๎™๎™’๎™—๎™๎™Œ๎™…๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎™–๎™ˆ๎™–๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™–๎™†๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™†๎™Œ๎šฟ๎˜
๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜’๎™•๎™Œ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™‡๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™›๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™‘๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎™–๎™ˆ๎™–๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™‘๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™Œ๎˜
๎™‘๎™„๎™•๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™–๎™–๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜’๎™๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™’๎™—๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™Š๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™›๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™„๎™˜๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™ˆ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™›๎™Œ๎™๎™˜๎™๎˜๎™๎™Œ๎™Ž๎™ˆ๎™๎™Œ๎™‹๎™’๎™’๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎˜
๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎™Œ๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™…๎™’๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™๎™„๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎˜
๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™˜๎™„๎™๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™“๎™’๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™„๎™‡๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎™—๎™’๎™๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™˜๎™„๎™๎™๎™œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™„๎™™๎™Œ๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™Œ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™๎™˜๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™˜๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™•๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™’๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™•๎™’๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™›๎™’๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘
๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™„๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™•๎™Œ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™Ž๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜š๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜“๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜๎˜•๎˜›๎˜“๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜๎˜•๎˜™๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™„๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™๎™˜๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜š๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฐ๎˜๎˜ฉ๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜—๎˜•๎˜๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜š๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜“๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜š๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜“๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ
๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™˜๎™„๎™๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎™˜๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜•๎˜๎˜œ๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎˜š๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜’๎˜—๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™„๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎™—๎™‹๎˜๎™‰๎™•๎™ˆ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™–๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜š๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜๎˜š๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎˜š๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜
๎˜›๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜š๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜๎˜›๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜—๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜๎˜œ๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™‘๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜“๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎˜œ๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜๎˜œ๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜œ๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜๎˜”๎˜“๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ
๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜ƒChi๎˜๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎ ค๎˜•๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜–๎˜œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™‰๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜–๎˜›๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™‘๎™‘๎˜๎˜บ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™—๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™—๎™š๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™›๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ธ๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜œ๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฒ๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™„๎™“๎™“๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™…๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎™๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™…๎™’๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™›๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜“๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™‡๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™–๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜“๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜˜๎˜๎˜•๎˜™๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜“๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜–๎˜๎˜–๎˜—๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™˜๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜
๎™™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™›๎˜๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™’๎™š๎™—๎™‹๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™“๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™„๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎˜
๎™…๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎™—๎™‹๎˜๎™š๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™–๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™”๎™˜๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜บ๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ
๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜“๎˜”๎˜“๎˜—๎˜˜โ‹…๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜›๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ต๎˜•๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜š๎˜š๎˜—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜จb๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜›๎˜๎˜œ๎˜˜๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜ฌ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜พ๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜š๎˜™๎˜๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜›๎˜“๎™€๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎™›๎˜๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™–๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎™—๎™‹๎˜๎™š๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™‹๎™Œ๎™“๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒPseudocarcharias kamoharai๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎˜ฎ๎™„๎™Ž๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‘๎™„๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎˜
๎™—๎™š๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™ˆ๎™…๎™•๎™˜๎™„๎™•๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™’๎™‡๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™˜๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎˜
๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™‹๎™’๎™š๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™‘๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜š๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™‘๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™—๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™•๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜บ๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ท๎˜ฏb๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™‹๎™’๎™š๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™‹๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜œ๎˜˜๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎šฟ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™–๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜‘
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
Female: W= 0.00039 TL๎˜Ÿ3.511
Total weight (g)
Total length (cm)
Male: W= 0.01441 TL๎˜Ÿ2.685
(R = 0.786)
2
(R = 0.854)
2
75 80 85 90 95 100
Female
Male
Beura and Bineesh: Biological information of Pseudocarcharias kamoharai from India ๎˜˜
๎™œ๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜™๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ต๎˜•๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜—๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎˜จ๎™…๎˜ƒ =๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜–๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜”๎˜”๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ต๎˜•๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜š๎˜›๎˜™๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎˜จb๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜–๎˜•๎˜š๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ท๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™š๎™’๎˜๎™—๎™„๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎˜๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎šฟ๎™•๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™–๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™’๎™š๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™…๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™—๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ƒ
=๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜›๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™—๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜–๎˜™๎˜—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎™—๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜™๎˜–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜–๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‹๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜ฑ๎˜ฆ๎˜ฒ๎˜น๎˜ค๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™—๎™š๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™๎™’๎™“๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฉ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜๎˜—๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜œ๎˜˜๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜˜๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜‘
๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™˜๎™„๎™๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™•๎™Œ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜™๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™‘๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜›๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™„๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎™—๎™‹๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜™๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎™—๎™‹๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜œ๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฉ๎™’๎™˜๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™’๎™˜๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜š๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜œ๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™œ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™†๎™†๎™˜๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™—๎™š๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜›๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎˜
๎™๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™–๎™๎™„๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™“๎™’๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎˜
๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™†๎™†๎™˜๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™—๎™š๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎˜
๎™“๎™’๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™“๎™’๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™†๎™•๎™Œ๎™“๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™’๎™“๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๓ฐ€›๓ฐ€–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™„๎™“๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™„๎™๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™“๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™‘๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™…๎™„๎™…๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎™˜๎™•๎˜
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎˜œ๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜—๎˜๎˜•๎˜•๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™˜๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™™๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒPseudocarcharias kamoharai๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™‹๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜
๎™Š๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™—๎™š๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™๎™„๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™˜๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™›๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜๎˜›๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜๎˜›๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™•๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™“๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™‹๎™’๎™š๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™†๎™„๎™˜๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎™—๎™‹๎˜‘
Immature
Mature
Largest observed immature
Smallest observed mature
Observed transition interval
(no specimens sampled within)
Total length (cm)
75 80 85 90 95 100
Male (n 27)๎˜Ÿ
Female (n 19)๎˜Ÿ
10570
82.0 82.5
83.0 84.0
๎˜ท๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎™—๎™‹๎˜๎™š๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™‹๎™Œ๎™“๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฏ๎˜บ๎˜ต๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™„๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒPseudocarch-
arias kamoharai๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™‘๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™–๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™“๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™๎™’๎™“๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜œ๎˜˜๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜ฌ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™…๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™•๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ถ๎˜จb๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ต๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‹๎™’๎™•๎™—๎˜‘
๎˜ช๎™•๎™’๎™˜๎™“๎˜ƒ ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎˜ฌ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎˜จ๎™…๎˜ƒ R๎˜•
๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎˜—๎˜™๎˜ƒ ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜“๎˜”๎˜“๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜›๎˜ƒ ๎˜พ๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜š๎˜™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜›๎˜“๎™€๎˜ƒ ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜›๎˜ƒ ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜š๎˜š๎˜—
๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜š๎˜ƒ ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜”๎˜—๎˜—๎˜“๎˜›๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜™๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜พ๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜”๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜™๎™€๎˜ƒ ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜–๎˜”๎˜ƒ ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜—
๎˜ฉ๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜–๎˜›๎˜œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜”๎˜”๎˜ƒ ๎˜พ๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜›๎˜•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜“๎™€๎˜ƒ ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜–๎˜•๎˜š๎˜ƒ ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜š๎˜›๎˜™
Marine and Fishery Sciences 39 (4): xxx-xxx (2026)
๎˜™
๎™ˆ๎™๎™…๎™•๎™œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™—๎™š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™˜๎™–๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎™—๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™…๎™•๎™œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜–๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜ž๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‰๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™…๎™•๎™œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜–๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜š๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜œ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜•๎˜š๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎™…๎™•๎™œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜
๎™’๎™“๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™‘๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎™’๎™๎™Ž๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™’๎™˜๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜
๎™…๎™•๎™œ๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™’๎™“๎™‹๎™„๎™Š๎™’๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™†๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™๎™’๎™…๎™„๎™๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฒ๎™๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜“๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™„๎™Œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎™—๎™’๎™๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎˜
๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜š๎˜•๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜
๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎›€๎™˜๎™Œ๎™‡๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜œ๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎™‘๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™™๎˜
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ท๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™„๎™˜๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒPseudocarcharias kamoharai๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜ฎ๎˜๎˜•๎˜•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‘๎™„๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜œ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™œ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Š๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜ฎ๎˜๎˜”๎˜”๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜ฎ๎˜๎˜”๎˜›๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฎ๎™„๎™Ž๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™ˆ๎™…๎™•๎™˜๎™„๎™•๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜
๎˜œ๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™…๎™•๎™œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™‘๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™˜๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‘๎™„๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜ฎ๎˜๎˜•๎˜–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™˜๎™๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™“๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™…๎™•๎™œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜–๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎™’๎™๎™Ž๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™„๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎š‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™ˆ๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜‘
Beura and Bineesh: Biological information of Pseudocarcharias kamoharai from India ๎˜š
๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™•๎™‡๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™ˆ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™†๎™†๎™˜๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™‹๎˜
๎™’๎™‡๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™†๎™•๎™Œ๎™“๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™๎™˜๎™–๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™…๎™’๎™˜๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎˜
๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™Ž๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™•๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™œ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎˜
๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™–๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™š๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎˜
๎šฟ๎™–๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™–๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™’๎™•๎™๎™‡๎šถ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ต๎™’๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎™™๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜›๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™š๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™–๎™†๎™ˆ๎™“๎™—๎™Œ๎™…๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ž๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™’๎™š๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™˜๎™๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™…๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™Ž๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ
๎™™๎™˜๎™๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™Ž๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™š๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎˜
๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™ˆ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜
๎™—๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™‘๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™„๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™Œ๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ณ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™’๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒP. kamoharai๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™’๎™‹๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™†๎™’๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฎ๎™’๎™†๎™‹๎™Œ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™˜๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™“๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™๎™˜๎™‡๎˜
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜“๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™˜๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™…๎™•๎™œ๎™’๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™‡๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎™—๎™‹๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™›๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜œ๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‡๎™‡๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™—๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™’๎™˜๎™–๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™ˆ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™ˆ๎™๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™˜๎™„๎™๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™›๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎˜
๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™„๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜๎™…๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™‘๎™’๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™“๎™˜๎˜
๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™›๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™›๎™˜๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™Š๎˜
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™†๎™„๎™˜๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™„๎™๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™“๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Ž๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™•๎™‡๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๏ต๎™’๎™•๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™„๎™•๎˜๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™„๎™๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™“๎˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™˜๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™’๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™„๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™„๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™•๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™…๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™๎™’๎™…๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎˜๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎™–๎™ˆ๎™–๎™–๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™‘๎˜
๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™‹๎™’๎™˜๎™๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™œ๎™“๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™–๎™‹๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๏ต๎™’๎™•๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™“๎™—๎™‹๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™˜๎™๎™…๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™“๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™“๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™˜๎™—๎™†๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™„๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™–๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜‘
๎˜ค๎˜ฆ๎˜ฎ๎˜ฑ๎˜ฒ๎˜บ๎˜ฏ๎˜จ๎˜ง๎˜ช๎˜จ๎˜ฐ๎˜จ๎˜ฑ๎˜ท๎˜ถ
๎˜บ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎™Ž๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๏ถ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜
๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฅ๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฝ๎™’๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™˜๎™•๎™™๎™ˆ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™˜๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™•๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™˜๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ถ๎˜ฅ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‰๎™˜๎™๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™ˆ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎˜ท๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‹๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™ˆ๎™š๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™ˆ๎™๎™‹๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ
๎™š๎™’๎™•๎™Ž๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™•๎™’๎™˜๎™Š๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎˜ฑ๎˜ถ๎˜ณ๎˜ฌ๎˜ต๎˜จ๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™‹๎˜ง๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎™’๎™š๎™–๎™‹๎™Œ๎™“๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™•๎™’๎˜
๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฌ๎˜ฉ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™’๎™•๎™Ž๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™“๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™Œ๎™–๎™–๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜ท๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒP. kamoharai๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™Š๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™˜๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜‘
๎˜ถ๎™—๎™’๎™๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎˜ง๎˜ƒ ๎˜ท๎˜ฏ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎™›๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฉ๎™˜๎™๎™๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฌ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜บ๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎™—
๎˜”๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎˜ฎ๎˜๎˜•๎˜”๎˜ƒ ๎˜›๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜–๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฎ๎™„๎™Ž๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜’๎˜—๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™„๎™Ž๎˜ƒ ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜œ๎˜—๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎˜ฎ๎˜๎˜”๎˜›๎˜ƒ ๎˜š๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฉ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฎ๎™„๎™Ž๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜’๎˜–๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™–๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜–๎˜–๎˜ƒ
๎˜–๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎˜ฎ๎˜๎˜”๎˜š๎˜ƒ ๎˜›๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜–๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฉ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฎ๎™„๎™Ž๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ท๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™„๎™Ž๎˜ƒ ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜–
๎˜—๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎˜ฎ๎˜๎˜”๎˜—๎˜ƒ ๎˜œ๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฉ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‘๎™„๎™Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฉ๎™˜๎™๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜—๎˜•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜œ
๎˜ƒ ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎™๎™Œ๎˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™‹๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎˜ƒ ๎˜–๎˜–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜•
๎˜ƒ ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™‹๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™„๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜”
๎˜˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎˜ฎ๎˜๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฉ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฎ๎™„๎™Ž๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜–๎˜’๎˜—๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™๎™Œ๎˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™˜๏ต๎™ˆ๎™•๎šฟ๎™–๎™‹๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎˜ฎ๎˜๎˜•๎˜•๎˜ƒ ๎˜›๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฎ๎™„๎™Ž๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ท๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜“๎˜ƒ
๎˜š๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎˜ฎ๎˜๎˜•๎˜“๎˜ƒ ๎˜›๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜š๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฎ๎™„๎™Ž๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ท๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ง๎™Œ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™‹๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜œ
Marine and Fishery Sciences 39 (4): xxx-xxx (2026)
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๎˜ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฐ๎™’๎˜จ๎˜ถ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™’๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‰๎™˜๎™๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™–๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™‹๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™—๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™†๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™‹๎˜‘
Con๎›€ict of interest
๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™˜๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™•๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎›€๎™Œ๎™†๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎˜‘
Author contributions
๎˜ถ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™ˆ๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™•๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™•๎™„๎™‰๎™—๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™“๎™—๎™˜๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™„๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜
๎™œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™œ๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎™˜๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฎ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฎ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜
๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™•๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™š๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™“๎™—๎™˜๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜‘
๎˜ต๎˜จ๎˜ฉ๎˜จ๎˜ต๎˜จ๎˜ฑ๎˜ฆ๎˜จ๎˜ถ
๎˜ค๏Ž„๏Ž๏Ž‚๏Ž…๏พ๏ŽŒ๏Ž๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฎ๎˜น๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฅ๏Ž‚๏Ž‡๏พ๏พ๏ŽŒ๏Ž๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฎ๎˜ฎ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ช๏บ๏Ž‡๏Ž€๏บ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ธ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๏Ž‚๏Ž…๏Ž…๏บ๏Ž‚๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฑ๎˜ช๎˜ฎ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™Ž๎˜ƒPseu-
docarcharias kamoharai๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ณ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™˜๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™“๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๏ต๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™˜๎™—๎™‹๎˜๎™š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™„๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™†๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜๎˜–๎˜‘
๎˜ฆ๏บ๏Ž…๏Ž…๏พ๎˜๎˜ฐ๏Žˆ๏Ž‹๏Žœ๏Ž‡๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎˜ง๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ซ๏พ๏Ž‹๏Ž‡๏Žœ๏Ž‡๏ฝ๏พ๏Ž“๎˜๎˜ท๏Žฃ๏Ž…๏Ž…๏พ๏Ž“๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎˜ต๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ท๏Ž‚๏ป๏Žœ๏Ž‡๎˜๎˜น๏Ž‚๏Ž๏บ๏Ž‹๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎˜ต๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฌ๏Ž‡๏Ž๏Ž‹๏Ž‚๏บ๏Ž€๏Žˆ๎˜๎˜น๏พ๏Ž‹๏บ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ผ๎˜จ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ง๏พ๏Ž…๎˜ƒ
๎˜น๏บ๏Ž…๏Ž…๏พ๎˜๎˜ฆ๏Žˆ๏พ๏Ž…๏Ž…๏Žˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎˜ช๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๏Žˆ๏Žˆ๏Ž‹๎˜๎˜ญ๏บ๏Ž†๏บ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎˜ฆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๏บ๏Ž‡๏ผ๏Ž๏Žˆ๎˜
๏Ž“๏Žˆ๎˜๎˜ฏ๏Žฌ๏Ž‰๏พ๏Ž“๎˜ƒ ๎›ˆ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ง๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™…๎™Œ๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™Ž๎˜๎˜ƒPseudo-
carcharias kamoharai๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™‘๎™™๎™Œ๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™–๎™‹๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜“๎˜˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜๎˜™๎˜œ๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜ฒ๎˜ฌ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜“๎˜“๎˜š๎˜’๎™–๎˜”๎˜“๎˜™๎˜ƒ
๎˜—๎˜”๎˜๎˜“๎˜•๎˜•๎˜๎˜“๎˜”๎˜•๎˜š๎˜š๎˜๎™›๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๏Žˆ๏Ž†๏Ž‰๏บ๏Ž€๏Ž‡๏Žˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎˜ญ๎˜น๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™Ž๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™’๎™•๎™๎™‡๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™‘๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™˜๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™„๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™Ž๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎˜
๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Ž๎™‘๎™’๎™š๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™’๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™˜๎™๎™๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™„๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Ž๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™“๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™Ž๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™๎™‘๎™Œ๎˜
๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™๎™’๎™…๎™Œ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎˜ค๎˜ฒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™—๎™„๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™–๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™˜๎™•๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜™๎˜œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜‘
๎˜ฆ๏Žˆ๏Ž†๏Ž‰๏บ๏Ž€๏Ž‡๏Žˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎˜ญ๎˜น๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ง๏บ๏Ž‡๏ฝ๏Žˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฉ๏Žˆ๏Ž๏Ž…๏พ๏Ž‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™˜๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™Ž๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™’๎™•๎™๎™‡๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜™๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜‘
๎˜ง๏บ๏Ž‚๎˜ƒ๎˜ป๎˜ญ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฝ๏Ž๏ŽŽ๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜ฉ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๏Ž๏พ๏Ž‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ป๎˜ญ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ป๏ŽŽ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜ป๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๏Ž๏พ๏Ž‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ผ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฅ๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™Ž๎˜ƒ
Pseudocarcharias kamoharai๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™–๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜“๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜•๎˜“๎˜š๎˜๎˜”๎˜•๎˜”๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜ฒ๎˜ฌ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜”๎˜”๎˜”๎˜’๎™๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜“๎˜œ๎˜˜๎˜
๎˜›๎˜™๎˜—๎˜œ๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜–๎˜”๎˜š๎˜š๎˜‘๎™›๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๏ป๏พ๏Ž‹๏Ž๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜ค๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๏Žˆ๏Ž๏Ž…๏พ๏Ž‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๏Žˆ๏Ž†๏Ž‰๏บ๏Ž€๏Ž‡๏Žˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™Ž๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎™’๎™•๎™๎™‡๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎™Œ๎™๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™๎™œ๎™๎™’๎™˜๎™—๎™‹๎˜‘
๎˜ญ๏Žˆ๏Ž๏Ž‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๏Ž‚๏Žƒ๏Žˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๏Ž๏บ๏Ž๏บ๏Ž„๏Žˆ๏Ž‡๏ฝ๏บ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜ฎ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๏Ž๏บ๏Ž๏Ž๏Žˆ๏Ž‰๏บ๏ฝ๎˜
๏Ž๏Ž’๏บ๏Ž’๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜‘ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜˜. ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™˜๎™–๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™†๎˜
๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™Ž๎™–๎˜ƒ Pseudocarcharias Kamoharai
๎˜‹๎˜ณ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™˜๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™„๎™๎™„๎™–๎™–๎™„๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜”๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜œ๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜ฒ๎˜ฌ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜“๎˜“๎˜š๎˜’๎™–๎˜—๎˜”๎˜•๎˜“๎˜›๎˜๎˜“๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜๎˜“๎˜ƒ
๎˜“๎˜›๎˜•๎˜”๎˜๎˜š
๎˜ฎ๏บ๏Ž‡๏Ž‡๏บ๏Ž‡๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฎ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฎ๏บ๏Ž‡๏Ž‡๏บ๏Ž‰๏Ž‚๏Ž‹๏บ๏Ž‡๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๏Ž‹๏บ๏ป๏Ž๏ŽŽ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฑ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎šณ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎šด๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™Ž๎˜ƒ Pseudocarcharias kamoharai๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ณ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™˜๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™›๎™†๎™๎™˜๎™–๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฝ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™„๎™๎™„๎™–๎™–๎™„๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜๎˜˜๎˜–๎˜“๎˜‘
๎˜ฎ๏Ž‚๏Ž“๏Ž๏บ๏Ž„๏ŽŽ๏ฝ๏บ๏Ž‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜ญ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๏บ๏Žƒ๏บ๏Ž‰๏บ๏ผ๏Ž„๏Ž‚๏บ๏Ž†๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™•๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜
๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™Ž๎˜ƒPseudocarcharias
kamoharai๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™—๎™–๎™˜๎™…๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜–๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‘๎™„๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™’๎™˜๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™„๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™–๎™–๎™’๎™†๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜˜๎˜˜๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜™๎˜๎˜›๎˜›๎˜‘
๎˜ฎ๏Ž’๏Ž‡๏พ๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜ฐ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๏Žˆ๏Ž†๏บ๏Ž‡๏Žˆ๏Ž๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๏บ๏Ž‹๏Ž‹๏พ๏Ž๏Žˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๏บ๏Ž‹๏Ž…๏ŽŒ๏Žˆ๏Ž‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฉ๏พ๏Ž‹๏Ž‡๏บ๏Ž‡๏ฝ๏Žˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ง๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฉ๏Žˆ๏Ž‹๏ฝ๏Ž๏บ๏Ž†๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฉ๏Ž‹๏บ๏Ž‡๏ผ๏Ž‚๏ŽŒ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎˜ณ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ญ๏บ๎˜
๏ป๏บ๏ฝ๏Žˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜บ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๏Ž‚๏ŽŽ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฎ๎˜ฐ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๏บ๏Ž‹๏ŽŒ๏Ž๏บ๏Ž…๏Ž…๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๏บ๏ผ๏Žˆ๏ŽŽ๏Ž‹๏พ๏บ๏ŽŽ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฑ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๏Ž๏พ๏Ž‹๏Ž…๏พ๏Ž’๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜ฅ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒPseudocarcharias ka-
moharai๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™˜๎™…๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฌ๎˜ธ๎˜ฆ๎˜ฑ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ท๎˜–๎˜œ๎˜–๎˜–๎˜š๎˜ค๎˜”๎˜š๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜™๎˜—๎˜™๎˜—๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜ฒ๎˜ฌ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™›๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜–๎˜“๎˜˜๎˜’๎˜ฌ๎˜ธ๎˜ฆ๎˜ฑ๎˜‘๎˜ธ๎˜ฎ๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜ต๎˜ฏ๎˜ท๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎˜ท๎˜–๎˜œ๎˜–๎˜ƒ
๎˜–๎˜š๎˜ค๎˜”๎˜š๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜™๎˜—๎˜™๎˜—๎˜—๎˜‘๎™ˆ๎™‘
๎˜ฐ๏บ๏Ž๏ŽŒ๏ŽŽ๏ป๏บ๏Ž‹๏บ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฎ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜–๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™š๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™Œ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™Ž๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™’๎™…๎™˜๎™—๎™–๎™˜๎™Š๎™„๎™Ž๎™˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฝ๎™„๎™–๎™–๎™‹๎™Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜š๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜›๎˜“๎˜๎˜–๎˜›๎˜•๎˜‘
๎˜ฒ๏Ž…๏Ž‚๏Ž๏พ๏Ž‚๏Ž‹๏บ๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๏บ๏Ž“๏Ž‚๏Ž‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎˜ซ๎˜น๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๏บ๏Ž‹๏Ž๏บ๏Ž…๏Ž๏Žˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฉ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ต๏พ๏Ž€๏Žˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๏Žˆ๏พ๏Ž…๏Ž๏Žˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๏Ž‚๏พ๏Ž‹๏ผ๏Ž’๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๏ŽŽ๏Ž‹๏Ž€๏พ๏ŽŒ๏ŽŒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎˜
๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™Ž๎˜ƒPseu-
docarcharias kamoharai๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™–๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜š๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜š๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜™๎˜˜๎˜˜๎˜๎˜”๎˜™๎˜š๎˜“๎˜‘
๎˜ณ๏Ž‹๏บ๏ฝ๏พ๏พ๏Ž‰๎˜ƒ ๎˜ซ๎˜ง๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๏Ž๏บ๏Ž‰๏Ž‡๏Ž‚๏Ž…๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎˜ถ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ต๏บ๏Ž†๏บ๏ผ๏Ž๏บ๏Ž‡๏ฝ๏Ž‹๏บ๏Ž‡๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ณ๏บ๏Ž๏Ž๏Ž‡๏บ๏Ž’๏บ๏Ž„๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜ฎ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™Ž๎˜ƒPseudocarcharias kamoharai๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™—๎™–๎™˜๎™…๎˜
๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜–๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™“๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜š๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜๎˜˜๎˜–๎˜›๎˜‘
Beura and Bineesh: Biological information of Pseudocarcharias kamoharai from India ๎˜œ
๎˜ต๏Žˆ๏Ž†๏บ๏Ž‡๏Žˆ๏Ž๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜น๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๏บ๏Ž‹๏ฝ๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๏พ๏Ž๏พ๏ŽŒ๏ŽŠ๏ŽŽ๏พ๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜ฆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๏บ๏Ž๏Ž‹๏พ๏Ž‡๏ผ๏พ๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™•๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™Ž๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹Pseudocarcharias kamoharai๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™…๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™–๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฌ๎˜ฒ๎˜ท๎˜ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎™’๎™•๎™Ž๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™‘๎™™๎™Œ๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™œ๎˜
๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜บ๎˜ณ๎˜จ๎˜ฅ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜๎˜•๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™…๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™Ž๎™’๎™Ž๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™„๎™Œ๎˜
๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜๎˜•๎˜œ๎˜‘
๎˜ถ๏Ž‚๏Ž…๏บ๏Ž†๏ป๏บ๏Ž‹๏บ๏ŽŒ๏บ๏Ž‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฎ๏Ž‹๏Ž‚๏ŽŒ๏Ž๏Ž‡๏บ๏Ž‡๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฎ๏บ๏Ž‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๏Ž‡๏Ž‡๏บ๏ฝ๏บ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๏Ž๏ŽŽ๏ŽŒ๏บ๏Ž‡๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ณ๏Ž‹๏บ๏ŽŒ๏บ๏ฝ๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๏ŽŽ๏Ž†๏Ž†๏บ๏ฝ๏Ž‚๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๏บ๏Ž๏Ž๏Ž‡๏บ๏Ž’๏บ๏Ž„๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๏ŽŽ๏Žƒ๏Ž‚๏Ž๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™•๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™Ž๎˜ƒPseudocarchari-
as kamoharai๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎™—๎™‹๎™œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™‡๎™‹๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™‹๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฝ๎™’๎™’๎™–๎™œ๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™’๎™–๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜”๎˜š๎˜๎˜•๎˜•๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜ฒ๎˜ฌ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜–๎˜”๎˜™๎˜”๎˜“๎˜’๎™๎™–๎™•๎˜’๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜–๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜”๎˜š๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๏Ž๏พ๏Ž๏Ž†๏บ๏Ž‡๏Ž‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜ฉ๎˜บ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™†๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™™๎™Œ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎˜
๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™–๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ณ๎™Œ๎™–๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎™—๎™‹๎™œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™•๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™–๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜–๎˜๎˜—๎˜›๎˜‘
๎˜บ๏บ๏Ž…๏Ž„๏พ๏Ž‹๎˜ƒ ๎˜ท๎˜ฌ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ช๏บ๏ŽŒ๏Žˆ๏Ž‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™Ž๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™‹๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎™—๎™‹๎™œ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™œ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™œ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎˜
๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™’๎™˜๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™–๎™‹๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™Ž๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™–๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎™œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™–๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™•๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™•๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜”๎˜’๎˜“๎˜“๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ด๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™†๎™๎™Œ๏ต๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‡๎™˜๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎˜
๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™Œ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜‘
๎˜บ๏ŽŽ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฎ๏Ž‚๏Ž‡๏ฝ๏Žˆ๏Ž‡๏Ž€๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๏บ๏Ž‚๎˜ƒ๎˜ป๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๏บ๏Ž‹๏Ž‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฝ๏Ž๏ŽŽ๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๏Ž‚๏บ๏Ž‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฑ๏ŽŒ๏บ๏Ž‡๏Ž€๏ŽŽ๏พ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎˜ท๎˜ฑ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎˜
๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™Ž๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎™—๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™„๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™–๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜œ๎˜š๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜™๎˜˜๎˜”๎˜๎˜”๎˜™๎˜™๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ง๎˜ฒ๎˜ฌ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜”๎˜”๎˜”๎˜’๎™๎™‰๎™…๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜•๎˜™๎˜ƒ