Marine and Fishery sciences 38 (2): xxx-xxx (2025)

https://doi.org/10.47193/mas.3822025010108

ABSTRACT. Shoreline erosion in the Province of Albay, Philippines, remains unmonitored, cre-

ating signicant vulnerability to natural and anthropogenic drivers. Effective monitoring of coastal

integrity is crucial to provide valuable insights into shoreline alterations that can guide future adapta-

tion measures and support climate resilience planning. This study aimed to assess shoreline alterations

over the past 20 years by examining natural and anthropogenic drivers shaping these changes and their

implications for coastal ecosystems. Erosive trends have resulted in the loss of up to 6 m of coastline

in certain places in the cities of Santo Domingo, Bacacay, Malilipot, Legazpi, and Tabaco. Findings

revealed that areas distant from river mouths exhibited severe erosion, while those near river mouths

showed mixed erosion and deposition patterns. Natural processes, including storm surges and sediment

transport, were compounded by human activities such as sand mining, urban expansion, and coastal

road constructions, resulting in the degradation, fragmentation and loss of vital coastal ecosystems.

These insights underscore the urgent need for systematic shoreline monitoring and the adoption of

sustainable coastal management practices, as well as integrating environmental considerations into

coastal development planning, enhancing community awareness, and leveraging monitoring data to

inform climate resilience and adaptation strategies tailored to local contexts.

Key words: Coastal erosion monitoring, shoreline alterations, sustainable coastal development, climate

resilience planning.

Análisis histórico de la línea costera en áreas seleccionadas de la costa este de Albay, Filipinas

RESUMEN. La erosión de la costa en la Provincia de Albay, Filipinas, sigue sin ser monitoreada,

lo que genera una vulnerabilidad signicativa a los factores naturales y antropogénicos. El monitoreo

efectivo de la integridad costera es crucial para proporcionar información valiosa sobre las alteracio-

nes de la costa que puedan orientar las futuras medidas de adaptación y respaldar la planicación de

la resiliencia climática. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las alteraciones de la costa en los

últimos 20 años, examinando los factores naturales y antropogénicos que dan forma a estos cambios

y sus implicaciones para los ecosistemas costeros. Los resultados indicaron cambios signicativos

en la costa en las ciudades de Santo Domingo, Bacacay, Malilipot, Legazpi y Tabaco, donde las ten-

dencias erosivas han resultado en una pérdida de hasta 6 m de costa en algunas áreas. Los hallazgos

revelaron que las áreas distantes de las desembocaduras de los ríos exhibieron una erosión severa,

mientras que las cercanas a las desembocaduras de los ríos mostraron patrones mixtos de erosión y

deposición. Los procesos naturales, incluidas las mareas de tormenta y el transporte de sedimentos,

se vieron agravados por actividades humanas como la extracción de arena, la expansión urbana y

la construcción de carreteras costeras, lo que resultó en la degradación, fragmentación y pérdida de

ecosistemas costeros vitales. Estos conocimientos subrayan la necesidad urgente de un monitoreo

sistemático de las costas y la adopción de prácticas de gestión costera sostenible, así como de integrar

ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Historical shoreline analysis in selected areas on the east coast of Albay,

Philippines

antonino B. Mendoza, Jr.*, Joshua K. B. Bista, sKorzeny c. de Jesus and María Luisa u. tango

Bicol University Tabaco Campus, Tabaco, Philippines. ORCID Antonino B. Mendoza, Jr. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0546-7614,

Joshua K. B. Bista https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1691-8487, María Luisa U. Tango https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3640-7163

Marine and

Fishery Sciences

MAFIS

*Correspondence:

antox.mendoza@gmail.com

Received: 21 October 2024

Accepted: 7 January 2025

ISSN 2683-7595 (print)

ISSN 2683-7951 (online)

https://ojs.inidep.edu.ar

Journal of the Instituto Nacional de

Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero

(INIDEP)

This work is licensed under a Creative

Commons Attribution-

NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0

International License

Marine and Fishery sciences 38 (2): xxx-xxx (2025)

INTRODUCTION

The beaches of Albay, Philippines, are predom-

inantly composed of siliciclastic materials, largely

supplied by deposits from Mount Mayon. In con-

trast, coasts of island areas or villages or barrios

(barangays) are primarily composed of carbonate

reef materials, except in areas near river mouths.

Despite lava deposits from Mount Mayon and the

unique climatic and monsoonal inuences affect-

ing the eastern and western coasts of Albay, the

region generally benets from an abundant sup-

ply of sediments (Arguden 1989; Rodolfo and Ar-

guden 1991), which may exceed the capacity of

waves and currents to transport and redistribute

them. This natural surplus of sediments has also

limited the formation of well-established fring-

ing reefs along the mainland coastline of Albay

(Risk and Edinger 2011). However, the ongoing

development of coastal areas, driven by the expan-

sion of housing, commercial establishments and

road infrastructure, has disrupted natural coastal

processes such as erosion and accretion (He et

al. 2014; Huang 2022). These geomorphological

processes, though constant, have been overlooked,

particularly their potential impacts on built struc-

tures like dikes, seawalls, pavements, and residen-

tial and commercial buildings near the shore (Is-

mail and El-Sayed 2011; Hines et al. 2012; Huang

2022). Furthermore, coastal erosion remains poorly

documented and monitored in Albay, leaving its

implications for infrastructure and communities

underexplored (Angnuureng et al. 2023; Siringan

and Sta Maria 2024). This problem is exacerbat-

ed by the impact of intense quarrying activities in

the region, which signicantly impair the natural

supply of sediments to coastal areas that would

otherwise contribute to beach accretion, disrupt-

ing the delicate balance between sediment depo-

sition and erosion. As sediment supply diminishes,

coastal areas become more vulnerable to erosive

forces, exacerbating shoreline retreat and threat-

ening coastal habitats and infrastructure (Magooon

et al. 2001; Preoteasa et al. 2016; Vousdoukas et

al. 2020). This interplay between human activities

and natural processes highlights the urgent need

for effective sediment management and erosion

monitoring to mitigate long-term impacts on the

coastal stability of Albay. This lack of data hinders

informed planning and climate change adaptation

measures, which are critical in a region frequently

impacted by typhoons and monsoonal. Address-

ing these gaps requires a comprehensive approach

combining geomorphological data with sociolog-

ical insights to capture the multifaceted impacts

of coastal development. Effective monitoring of

coastal integrity is essential, as it provides valu-

able data on shoreline dynamics that can inform

future planning and the design of climate change

adaptation strategies. The inclusion of surveys and

interviews in this study allowed for integrating lo-

cal perceptions and experiences, providing critical

insights into how coastal changes and development

are perceived and managed by communities. Previ-

ous studies underscore the importance of commu-

nity engagement in coastal management to ensure

effective and inclusive adaptation strategies (Roca

and Villares 2012; Fletcher et al. 2014). Surveys

and interviews offer a means to capture this human

dimension, complementing physical data and en-

riching the overall analysis.

Thus, this study aimed to assess the geomorpho-

logical characteristics of the shoreline and socio-

logical factors inuencing the coastal development

consideraciones ambientales en la planicación del desarrollo costero, mejorar la conciencia de la comunidad y aprovechar los datos de

monitoreo para informar estrategias de resiliencia y adaptación climática adaptadas a los contextos locales.

Palabras clave: Monitoreo de la erosión costera, alteraciones de la línea de costa, desarrollo costero sostenible, planicación de la

resiliencia climática.

Mendoza et al.: shoreline analysis in albay 3

of Albay. It also evaluated the impacts of infra-

structure on erosion patterns, with the ultimate goal

of contributing to climate change adaptation poli-

cies and the development of comprehensive coastal

management plans tailored to the unique environ-

mental and socioeconomic context of Albay.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study site

The east coast of Albay consists of two gulfs,

the Lagonoy Gulf and the Albay Gulf, and com-

prises two cities and ve municipalities. Study

areas were Malinao, Tabaco city, Bacacay, Santo

Domingo, and Legazpi city (Figure 1). These areas

have different coastal types, such as cliff coast,

intertidal/muddy coast, dune coast, and sandy

coast, as well as extractive and development ac-

tivities affecting the supply of sediment materials.

Malinao coastline is situated on a narrow coastal

plain, downstream from three active stratovolca-

noes: Malinao, Masaraga, and Mayon, primarily

composed of basaltic to andesitic materials. Vol-

caniclastic sediments, ranging from sand to grav-

el, are directly sourced from these volcanoes and

transported downstream via the Quinale River to

the coast. The southeastward alignment of the spit

suggests a net southeastward longshore transport

of quaternary alluvial sediments to the southern

bank of the Quinale River (Dayao 2006; Soria et

al. 2021). The spit measures approximately 150 m

wide and stretches 7 km southeast toward Taba-

co city. Tabaco city coast, on the other hand, is

characterized by sand and gravel deposited from

Malinao and several tributary rivers of Tabaco city

(such as Bombon, Bacolod, and Pawa rivers). It

is found inside Tabaco Bay, which stretches to-

Figure 1. Location of study sites along the east coast of Albay, Philippines, including Malinao, Tabaco city, San Miguel Island,

Bacacay, Santo Domingo, and Legazpi city.

Marine and Fishery sciences 38 (2): xxx-xxx (2025)

wards the municipality of Malinao to the south.

Extending further to the southeastern portion of

the Bay is the coastline of the municipality of

Bacacay, which is inuenced by major tributaries

of the municipalities of Malilipot and Bacacay. To

the south are the coastal areas of the municipality

of Santo Domingo and the city of Legazpi, both

characterized and inuenced by the discharge of

basaltic and andesitic materials from the Mayon

volcano (Soria et al. 2021). On the other hand,

San Miguel Island is characterized by possessing

carbonate sediments, which are primarily formed

predominantly through the biological and chem-

ical precipitation of calcium carbonate in marine

environments (Pomar 2020).

These coastal areas support various socio-eco-

nomic activities, such as agriculture, sheries, sand

and gravel quarrying, and small-scale tourism. For

instance, Tabaco city is a hub for shing and trade,

while the island villages of Tabaco and Bacacay

are popular destinations for beach tourism, par-

ticularly on San Miguel Island and Cagraray Island,

which draw visitors for their white sand beaches

and marine biodiversity (Bradecina et al. 2013).

Meanwhile, Malinao and Santo Domingo have sig-

nicant sand and gravel extraction industries (Arao

2020), vital for regional construction but often con-

tributing to sediment depletion and coastal erosion

(Paz-Alberto et al. 2016). The study area is critical

for understanding how socio-economic activities

interact with natural coastal processes.

Data collection

The method of Emery (1961) for beach proling

was applied to determine changes in elevation and

length of the backshore of selected areas in Albay.

This cost-effective and straightforward technique

maps the cross-sectional elevation of beaches. This

method consists of using two graduated rods of the

same height and measuring the difference in eleva-

tion and distance between them, starting from an

inland reference point and moving towards the sea.

The horizon serves as the reference for determining

relative elevation. Emery’s method allowed us to

record the cross-sectional shape of the beach and

observe morphological changes over time. These

measurements were used to quantify sediment

volume uctuations, indicating whether the beach

experienced sediment loss (erosion) or gain (accre-

tion) over different seasons (Jackson et al. 2002).

This method was specically applied to Lidong and

San Isidro, both in Santo Domingo, from October

2020 to November 2021, because these two sites

exhibited the most signicant changes in shoreline

morphology.

Google Earth satellite images from 2004, 2009,

2017, and 2021 were used to analyze changes in

coastal morphology. These years were chosen be-

cause the images provided the clearest resolution

for accurate shoreline outlining and tracing, ena-

bling meaningful comparisons between historical

and current shoreline positions. Digitized shore-

lines from selected sites –Malinao, Tabaco city,

Bacacay, Santo Domingo, and Legazpi city– were

analyzed to identify areas of erosion and accre-

tion, offering a spatial and temporal perspective on

coastal changes. This approach provided valuable

insights into the dynamic patterns of shoreline evo-

lution in these areas.

Photographic documentation was conducted

to capture visible evidence of erosion and sedi-

ment deposition along the coastline. Secondary

data played a critical role in supporting and com-

plementing the analysis, encompassing various

sources of information. Historical reports, includ-

ing archival records, government publications, and

technical documents, provided insights into past

coastal changes, interventions, and management

practices in the study areas. Related studies, such

as research articles, theses, and surveys conduct-

ed within the region or on similar coastal systems,

were used to validate ndings and identify long-

term trends in shoreline dynamics. Hydrometeor-

ological data, including records of typhoon fre-

quency, wave action, sea level rise and seasonal

variations, provided insight into environmental

drivers behind changes in coastal morphology.

Mendoza et al.: shoreline analysis in albay 5

Additionally, land use and infrastructure records

highlighted human activities, such as urbanization

and reclamation projects, which may have inu-

enced shoreline behavior. Anecdotal accounts and

observations from local residents contributed val-

uable qualitative insights into historical shoreline

changes and coastal resource use, while historical

maps, nautical charts, and older satellite imagery

provided spatial references for tracking changes

over extended periods. By integrating these diverse

secondary data sources with satellite imagery, eld

surveys, and local knowledge, this study ensured

a robust and multifaceted assessment of coastal

morphological changes, enabling a comprehensive

understanding of the natural and human-induced

factors shaping the Albay shoreline.

Key informant interviews and community in-

sights

Key informant interviews (KIIs) with local resi-

dents, sherfolk, and community leaders provided

additional qualitative insights, offering historical

context and local observations about erosion pat-

terns. A total of 144 respondents were surveyed

across ve municipalities and one city along the

east coast of Albay to gather local insights re-

garding shoreline changes, coastal activities, and

community observations of erosion and accretion.

The term ‘interviews’ in this context refers to both

structured surveys and KIIs, which were used to

complement each other. Surveys aimed to collect

quantitative data, while the KIIs provided quali-

tative, in-depth perspectives. The KIIs were con-

ducted with individuals directly involved in shing,

tourism, aquaculture, coastal agriculture, mangrove

harvesting, seaweed farming, shellsh gathering,

beachcombing, boat building, and coastal trade, as

well as community leaders and elders with histor-

ical knowledge of the area. These interviews fo-

cused on gathering detailed accounts of long-term

shoreline dynamics, community coping strategies,

and recommendations for coastal management. By

engaging individuals from diverse coastal liveli-

hood sectors, the study captured a more compre-

hensive understanding of human-environment in-

teractions and the social and economic dimensions

of shoreline changes and their impact on the local

community.

Surveyed locations were selected based on their

proximity to the coastline and the active involve-

ment of residents in coastal-related livelihoods,

such as shing, tourism, and resource extraction.

Legazpi city was excluded from the survey due

to its predominantly commercial nature, minimal

residential population along the coast, and limited

direct engagement in coastal livelihoods.

Surveys consisted of structured questionnaires

with a mix of closed and open-ended questions

designed to achieve the following purposes:

- Shoreline changes: respondents were asked

about observable changes in the coastline, in-

cluding erosion, accretion, and the frequency of

signicant events such as storm surges or sedi-

ment deposition.

- Coastal activities: questions explored the types

of livelihoods connected to the coast, such as

shing, tourism, or quarrying, and how these ac-

tivities have been affected by shoreline changes.

- Perceptions of causes and impacts: respondents

provided insights into their perceptions of the

factors driving erosion and accretion and the

social and economic impacts of these changes

on their communities.

Ethical considerations

This study strictly adhered to established ethical

guidelines, obtaining all necessary permits and ap-

provals from relevant local authorities, including

Municipal Mayors and Barangay Captains. Be-

fore data collection, respondents were thorough-

ly briefed on the research purpose, objectives,

procedures, and potential risks or benets. Par-

ticipants were provided ample opportunity to ask

questions and clarify concerns before proceeding.

Informed consent was obtained in writing from

Marine and Fishery sciences 38 (2): xxx-xxx (2025)

each respondent, ensuring their voluntary partici-

pation without coercion. Participants were explic-

itly informed that their involvement was entirely

voluntary and that they had the right to withdraw

from the study at any point without any adverse

consequences. This open, transparent approach

reinforced the commitment to ethical research

practices.

Privacy and condentiality were put at the

forefront of the study. All personal data collected

during interviews and surveys were anonymized

or de-identied to protect the identity of partici-

pants. Information provided by respondents was

treated with strict condentiality and used solely

for research purposes. Data was handled respon-

sibly throughout the research process, and meas-

ures were taken to ensure accurate and objective

reporting of ndings. In all aspects, the privacy

and anonymity of respondents were safeguarded,

ensuring that ethical standards were maintained

from data collection to dissemination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Historical changes in coastal morphology

Historically, the coastal sites of Tabaco city

and Bacacay have been central to human activi-

ties, such as shing and family recreation, such

as swimming. These areas have faced increasing

natural forces and pressures from human devel-

opment. The construction of coastal roads, beach

houses, and other infrastructure, combined with

the regular impact of typhoons and monsoons, has

signicantly altered the coastal landscape (He et al.

2014; Huang 2022). In Tabaco city, approximately

1.5 ha of coastline has been eroded (Figure 2 A

and 2 B). This same trend has been observed in

Bacacay, where an average of 6 m of shoreline has

receded over the years (Figure 2 C and 2 D). From

2004 to 2021, coastal areas in Tabaco and Bacacay

Figure 2. Historical changes in coastal morphology in Tabaco city (A-B) and Bacacay (C-D). Temporal line traces in yellow, violet,

and red indicate shoreline positions for 2021, 2017, and 2004, respectively (source: Google Earth).

Mendoza et al.: shoreline analysis in albay 7

exhibited similarly dramatic changes. The contin-

uous loss of shoreline in these regions reects the

combined effects of natural coastal processes and

anthropogenic activities.

The observed coastal erosion in Tabaco city and

Bacacay illustrates a broader shoreline retreat pat-

tern driven by natural and human-induced factors.

Frequent typhoons and monsoons exacerbate the

natural erosional processes, leading to signicant

sediment displacement. Coastal infrastructure de-

velopment, including roads and residential projects,

disrupts natural sediment transport and deposition

patterns, preventing the coastline from replenish-

ing lost sediments and intensifying erosion (Huang

2022). This impact is especially noticeable in ar-

eas such as Tabaco city and Bacacay, where the

construction of beach houses and coastal roads

has signicantly altered shoreline geomorphology.

The loss of vegetation and natural barriers, such

as mangroves and sand dunes, further contrib-

utes to the vulnerability of these areas (Feagin et

al. 2005). Without these natural defenses, coastal

zones are less resilient to storm surges and wave

action, resulting in greater erosion (Delno et al.

2015; Siringan and Sta Maria 2024). Moreover, data

from 2004 to 2021 revealed that coastal changes

in Tabaco and Bacacay were not isolated incidents

but part of a long-term trend, highlighting the ur-

gent need for sustainable coastal management. The

retreat of shorelines in these areas underscores the

importance of integrating climate change adaptation

measures into coastal development planning. Strate-

gies such as the construction of green infrastructure

(e.g. mangrove reforestation), the creation of buffer

zones, and the restriction of development in highly

vulnerable areas could help mitigate future erosion.

Changes in river mouths, such as those observed

in Malinao and Bacacay, accentuate their vital role

in sediment transport (Figure 3). Historically, these

areas acted as natural reservoirs, receiving volcanic

sediments from Mayon volcano and facilitating

their distribution to nearby beaches through coastal

Figure 3. Historical changes in river mouths of Malinao (A-B) and Bacacay (C-D). Temporal line traces in yellow, violet, and red

lines indicate shoreline positions for 2021, 2017, and 2004, respectively (source: Google Earth).

Marine and Fishery sciences 38 (2): xxx-xxx (2025)

currents. However, the balance has been disrupt-

ed by quarrying operations (Alfane 2023). While

river mouths continue to receive sediment inows,

uncontrolled quarrying has signicantly reduced

the overall sediment supply, leading to erratic and

chaotic sedimentation patterns (Figure 3 C and 3

D). This depletion has further exacerbated coastal

erosion in downstream areas, despite the natural

abundance of sedimentary materials from the vol-

cano (Figure 3 A and 3 B).

Beach erosion occurs when the rate of sediment

loss from longshore drift exceeds the supply of new

material from updrift sources. Longshore drift, a

process in which sand or gravel is transported along

the coast by wave action, degrades beaches unless

these losses are compensated by fresh sediments

from the updrift (Komar 1998; Nordstrom 2014).

Erosion becomes particularly severe when the

sediment supply diminishes, such as when updrift

sources are interrupted, either by the cliff stabili-

zation that stops natural sediment production or by

rivers with reduced uvial sediment input (Bird

2008; McInnes et al. 2011; Hines et al. 2012). In

some coastal areas, beaches develop sand or gravel

lobes, which are pockets of sediment that gradu-

ally migrate along the coast following longshore

drift (Ortega-Sánchez et al. 2017). These lobes can

temporarily build up the beach as they arrive, result-

ing in accretion. However, as the lobe continues to

move downdrift, the area it passes through is left

vulnerable to erosion, leading to alternating peri-

ods of sediment gain and loss along the coastline

(Wright and Short 1984; Preoteasa et al. 2016). This

dynamic interaction between sediment transport

and beach morphology highlights the importance

of maintaining a balance between natural sediment

sources and coastal processes to preserve beach

stability over time (Dean and Dalrymple 2004).

In Legazpi city, land reclamation efforts initiated

in 2007 have contributed to improving the stability

of the coastline, as seen through the establishment

of protective structures (Duvat 2013) (Figure 4). As

a consequence of coastal development, the construc-

tion of Legazpi boulevard in the northern (Figure 4 A

and 4 B) and southern parts of the harbor (Figure 4

C and 4 D) altered the morphology of the shoreline.

A closer examination of changes in vegetation over

time revealed signicant changes. In 2004, there

were trees, likely mangroves known for their role in

coastal protection and sediment retention (Figure 4

B). However, by 2021 these trees had been replaced

by shrubs and grasses, most likely as a result of

urban development, including the construction of

homes and businesses (Figure 4 A and 4 C). Al-

though seawalls and boulders provided some degree

of protection against coastal erosion, the constant

action of waves and currents eroded the underlying

substratum (Trenhaile 2016). This is largely attrib-

uted to the limited sediment supply for transport

and reworking (Komar 1998; Dean and Dalrym-

ple 2004). As a result, while reclamation structures

have temporarily improved coastal stability, their

long-term durability remains uncertain, especial-

ly considering the exposure to powerful northeast

monsoons and frequent typhoons in the region (Bird

2008). Without a sustainable sediment supply, the

reclaimed area may become vulnerable to future

erosion (De Vente and Poesen 2005), highlighting

the importance of continuous monitoring and adap-

tive management strategies (Birgé et al. 2016).

While coastal developments and resorts in San-

to Domingo have boosted the local economy by

creating jobs, income, and revenue (Arao 2020),

they also pose long-term environmental risks that

could eventually undermine the tourism sector of

the local government (Alfane 2023). The shoreline

of Santo Domingo underwent a striking transfor-

mation between 2009 and 2021, with over 50 m of

retreat observed during that period (Figure 5 A and

5 B). This shoreline erosion is primarily due to re-

duced sediment availability for coastal reworking,

leading to signicant sand loss in front of resorts

(Figure 5 C and 5 D). The limited sediment supply

is largely a result of extensive quarrying activities

in river channels and at the base of Mayon vol-

cano, which have disrupted the natural sediment

replenishment cycle. Consequently, beaches that

once supported a vibrant tourism industry are now

Mendoza et al.: shoreline analysis in albay 9

experiencing accelerated erosion. Without prop-

er management and mitigation measures, such as

regulating quarrying activities and enhancing sed-

iment management, the continued shoreline degra-

dation will harm the environment and jeopardize

the future of the coastal tourism industry in the

municipality of Santo Domingo.

The increasing frequency and intensity of storms

in coastal areas have eroded previously stable

beaches. This trend has been observed in parts of

Albay, which is located on the eastern seaboard

and was one of the rst areas affected by tropical

cyclones. Two powerful and catastrophic typhoons

are among the 20 tropical storms that typically hit

the Bicol region each year, particularly the Prov-

ince of Albay. These storms, rising sea levels,

and more frequent storm surges have accelerated

coastal erosion, making the shoreline increasingly

vulnerable to signicant changes (Michener et al.

1997).

Anthropogenic pressures and shoreline morpho-

logical changes

In addition to these natural factors, human ac-

tivities further exacerbate the problem. In island

areas, sand and gravel used for constructing houses

are often extracted directly from the beaches. This

unsustainable practice depletes sediment reserves,

leading to the gradual erosion of foreshore areas.

Over time, this erosion exposes the roots of trees

and damages concrete structures (Figure 6 A-D).

The removal of sediment not only weakens nat-

ural coastal defenses but also increases shoreline

susceptibility to further degradation (Nordstrom

2014). The combined intensied storm activity

(Soria et al. 2021) and unsustainable extraction of

beach materials (Rangel-Buitrago and Neal 2023)

highlight the urgent need for comprehensive coast-

al management strategies. These should focus on

regulating resource extraction, reinforcing natural

Figure 4. Historical changes in the coastal area of Legaspi (2004-2021). A-B) Legazpi boulevard north port. C-D) Legazpi boule-

vard southern port. Temporal line traces in yellow, violet, and red lines indicate shoreline positions for 2021, 2017, and

2004, respectively (source: Google Earth).

Marine and Fishery sciences 38 (2): xxx-xxx (2025)

Figure 5. Historical changes in coastal morphology (2009, 2017, and 2021) in Santo Domingo. Temporal line traces in yellow,

violet, and red lines indicate shoreline positions for 2021, 2017, and 2004, respectively. A) Northern beach area. B) Southern

beach area. C-D) Beach resort frontage showing an eroded portion of the beachfront (source: Google Earth).

Figure 6. Evidence of shoreline erosion on the east coast of Albay. A) Erosion in San Miguel Island exposing tree roots. B) Ex-

posed tree roots and abandoned concrete parts of a house and a well in Bacacay. C) Exposed tree roots in Tabaco city. D)

Eroded coastline in Agñas, Tabaco city.

Bacacay

SanMiguelIsland

Agñas, Tabacoityc

CSanLorenzo, Tabacoityc

Mendoza et al.: shoreline analysis in albay 11

sediment cycles, and implementing adaptive meas-

ures to mitigate the impacts of climate change and

human activities on coastal environments.

Beach proling using the Emery approach was

conducted to assess the cross-sectional outline of

the beach and track its evolution over time. In the

municipality of Santo Domingo, data from San

Isidro and Lidong revealed distinct patterns of

shoreline change. Both areas experienced erosion,

but the nature of the erosion varied between the

two sites. In San Isidro, erosion affected the entire

beach prole, extending from the backshore to the

foreshore (Figure 7). In contrast, Lidong primarily

experienced erosion in the foreshore area (Figure

8). Notably, between October 2020 and Novem-

ber 2021, the vertical shore distance in Lidong de-

creased by approximately 7 m, accompanied by an

elevation reduction of about 60 cm. In San Isidro,

however, the vertical length of the shore remained

relatively unchanged over the same period. How-

ever, the elevation dropped by an average of 65 cm

from the back to the front along the beach prole

Figure 7. Changes in the coastal prole of Santo Domingo at San Isidro, from October 2020 to November 2021.

Figure 8. Changes in the coastal prole of Santo Domingo at Lidong, from October 2020 to November 2021.

-350

-300

-250

-200

-150

-100

-50

12 18 24 30 35

Elevation (cm)

Distance (m)

October 2020 November 2021

-250

-200

-150

-100

-50

12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 62

Elevation (cm)

Distance (m)

October 2020

November 2021

Marine and Fishery sciences 38 (2): xxx-xxx (2025)

in comparison to 2020 measurements. These vari-

ations highlight the differential impacts of coastal

processes on each site, likely inuenced by local-

ized factors such as wave energy, sediment supply,

and human activities.

The rapidly changing prole of the coastline of

Albay underscores its vulnerability to natural and

physical processes, compounded by human activi-

ties and ongoing coastal development. Destructive

practices such as sand extraction, alongside the

pressure of coastal infrastructure, contribute to the

instability of the shoreline, emphasizing the need

for sustainable coastal management and erosion

mitigation strategies.

Erosion has signicantly impacted many of the

world’s beaches over the past century (Vousdoukas

et al. 2020). Coastal environments are severely

threatened by the natural process of beach erosion

(Bird 2014). Beach erosion is expected to worsen

as a result of rising sea levels, stronger storms, and

changes in the global climate (Bilan 1993; Zhang

et al. 2004). However, the growing expansion of

development into coastal areas has raised con-

cerns about its impact on natural ecosystems and

the need for sustainable coastal development that

balances ecological preservation with economic

growth (He et al. 2014). Coastal areas, home to rich

biodiversity and sensitive ecosystems, are especial-

ly vulnerable to the consequences of development,

which threaten habitats, biodiversity, and overall

environmental health (He et al. 2014; Huang 2022).

In Albay, coastal development has surged signif-

icantly, driving a heightened demand for gravel

and sand to support infrastructure projects (MGB

2022). Consequently, extensive quarry operations

near the Mayon volcano have risen sharply, ex-

tracting hundreds of thousands of cubic meters of

sand and gravel annually (Figure 9). This wide-

spread extraction has led to a substantial reduction

in sediment supply to coastal zones, which depend

on river-carried materials for nourishment (Bird

and Lewis 2014). The analysis of coastline changes

by Google Earth time slider showed the coastal

erosion in eastern areas of Albay as a result of the

reduction in sediment supply. Similar patterns of

coastline alteration due to development were ob-

served in Taiwan, where rapid coastal expansion

during the 1970s substantially impacted coastal

morphology (Huang 2022). In response, Taiwan

has proposed countermeasures to restore long-

shore drift and reduce environmental degradation

(Zhang and Hou 2020). Those authors observed

signicant spatial variations in the southeastern of

Asia, with natural coastlines decreasing and arti-

cial coastlines increasing by 11%. These changes,

often due to interactions between natural processes

and human activities, highlight the delicate balance

between erosion and coastal expansion. In the Phil-

ippines, Paz-Alberto et al. (2016) found that quar-

rying and human interventions along riverbanks

of Dagupan led to an increase in river width and a

reduction in nearby coastline size. This nding is

consistent with the situation in Albay, where quarry

activities and coastal developments have altered

the coastline and reduced sediment supply, exac-

erbating coastal erosion.

The construction of coastal roads in Albay

has further disrupted the dynamics of sediments

(Huang 2022). As concluded previously, reclama-

tion of the foreshore area in Legazpi city has ex-

panded the coastal surface, while coastal roads and

seawalls have accelerated erosion and threatening

infrastructure in other municipalities such as Baca-

cay, Santo Domingo, Malilipot, and Tabaco. Ismail

and El-Sayed (2011) demonstrated that seawalls

can lower beach proles and increase longshore

sediment transport rates near the structures, fol-

lowed by sediment accumulation further down the

coast. Along Albay coast, the reected energy from

waves striking seawalls creates seaward cur rents

that erode material at the base. These same authors

concluded that altered wave patterns and longshore

currents were responsible for changes in sediment

transport rates. When waves strike a sturdy coast-

al structure, such as a concrete seawall or stone

blocks, they are reected, leading to seaward cur-

rents that carry material away from the base of the

wall. This reection washout is typically avoided

Mendoza et al.: shoreline analysis in albay 13

when a beach is sufciently broad and elevated to

prevent waves from reaching and rebounding off

the solid structure. However, if waves reach the

seawall, beach erosion occurs rapidly, which is the

situation of the coastal roads and seawalls through-

out Albay. Moreover, other potential impacts of

these structures include visual disruption, loss of

habitat, reduced beach access, sediment supply al-

teration, and exacerbation of erosion.

Community perceptions and adaptive strategies

for shoreline management

One of the most profound consequences of

coastal erosion is its impact on local communities,

particularly through displacement. A study in riv-

erine and deltaic regions of Bangladesh found that

erosion exacerbated displacement, poverty, and

social stigma (Barua et al. 2019). In Albay, coastal

communities face similar challenges, with erosion

damaging property and infrastructure, affecting

livelihoods and employment. Residents are also

concerned about saltwater intrusion into potable

water sources (Figure 10).

Despite these challenges, coastal communities

are highly aware of the causes of coastal erosion.

Combest-Friedman et al. (2012) found that com-

munities in the central Philippines recognize the

role of rainfall variability, storm intensity, and sea

level rise in driving coastal hazard risks. Similarly,

Alcantara et al. (2022) reported that residents of

Palawan identied sea level rise as a key factor in

100

150

200

250

300

350

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

No concessionaires

Year

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

Volume of Production (m ) 10

3 6

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Year

Figure 9. Annual trends (2012-2020) in the number of quarry concessioners (A), and the aggregate extraction volume in Mt.

Mayon (B) (MGB 2022).

Marine and Fishery sciences 38 (2): xxx-xxx (2025)

erosion. Residents of Albay, particularly in Santo

Domingo, attribute erosion to sand and gravel quar-

rying (Figure 11). These ndings demonstrate the

diversity of local perceptions about the causes of

erosion, which are inuenced by coastal activities,

livelihoods, and the impacts of natural disasters.

Figure 10. Perceived direct and indirect effects (%) of coastal erosion in coastal communities in Albay.

Figure 11. Perceived causes (%) of coastal erosion in coastal communities in Albay.

01020304050607080

Extreme weather

Deforestation

Land conversion

Mangrove coral harvesting

Beach Sand Mining

River Sand Mining/Quarrying

Flashﬂoods

Coastal developments

Industrial development

Hotel resort construction

Percentage of responses

Perceived causes of coastal erosion

Malinao Malilipot Bacacay Sto. Domingo Tabaco

Lost of property Loss of livelihood Loss of income

and employment

Damage of

property/utility

services and other

facilities

Seawater intrusion

Percentage of responses

Perceived effects of coastal erosion

Malinao

Malilipot

Bacacay

Tabaco Sto. Domingo

Mendoza et al.: shoreline analysis in albay 15

Depending on the municipality, residents noted

changes in their coastal areas, ranging from new in-

frastructure developments to shrinking beach areas

and rising sea levels (Figure 12). Some respond-

ents also observed accretion in certain locations,

which was consistent with the ndings of Berdin et

al. (2004) regarding simultaneous erosion and ac-

cretion along the coastline. Changes in river mouth

morphology were particularly noticeable near large

rivers, while municipalities such as Bacacay re-

ported no signicant coastal changes. Additionally,

three sites noted an increased coastal population,

likely driven by development expansion towards

coastal areas.

All respondents demonstrated a comprehensive

awareness of both preventive (Figure 13) and

corrective (Figure 14) measures regarding the im-

pacts of coastal erosion and alterations in coastal

areas. Participants from various municipalities

unanimously agreed on the necessity of effective

planning for coastal projects and developments.

This planning must adhere to environmental laws,

ensuring continuous monitoring and evaluation of

coastal areas to mitigate erosion effects (Alves et

al. 2020).

Respondents emphasized the importance of em-

ploying soft measures, such as enhancing vege-

tation and stabilizing dunes, as vital strategies to

combat accelerated coastal erosion. In line with

the comprehensive land use plans of Local Gov-

ernment Units (LGUs), the development of haz-

ard maps was highlighted as a crucial preventive

and corrective action (Maralli et al. 2014). These

strategies protect coastal ecosystems and foster

resilience against the adverse effects of climate

change and human activities (Birgé et al. 2016).

Interestingly, the regulation of quarry activities

(Figure 14) received notably low responses from

participants as a corrective measure to minimize

coastal erosion, particularly in the municipality of

Santo Domingo, where most commercial quarry

operators are located. This trend can be interpreted

as a normal response, as many community mem-

bers rely on quarrying as their primary source of

livelihood (Arao 2020). The apparent reluctance to

prioritize quarry regulation may reect a conict

between economic dependence and the need for

environmental protection (He et al. 2014), high-

lighting the complex dynamics of coastal resource

management of the region.

Figure 12. Observed changes (%) in the coastal area by coastal communities in Albay. SLR: sea level rise. RM: river mouth. DBS:

decrease beach sand. Devt: development. OP: overpopulation. AC: accretion. NC: no change.

SLR RM DBS Devt OP AC NC

Percentage of responses

Observed changes in the coastal areas due to coastal erosion

Malinao

Malilipot

Bacacay

Tabaco Sto. Domingo

Marine and Fishery sciences 38 (2): xxx-xxx (2025)

CONCLUSIONS

The ndings of this study highlight the complex

interplay between natural processes, human activi-

ties, and community dynamics in shaping the shore-

line changes along the east coast of Albay. Coastal

erosion, driven by factors such as sand and gravel

quarrying, climate variability, and rising sea levels,

poses a signicant threat to the coastal ecosystems,

livelihoods, and infrastructure. While the physical

impacts of erosion are evident in the changing shore-

line proles of areas like Santo Domingo, the per-

Figure 13. Perceived preventive measures to control erosion in the future by coastal communities in Albay.

Figure 14. Perceived corrective measures to control erosion in the future by coastal communities in Albay.

0510 15 20 25 30

LGUs compliance to comprehesive land use plan

Development of hazzard maps and quick response guidelines

Monitoring and evaluation of erosion-prone/hazzard areas

Community based reforestation projects

Relocation of hazzard prone population and facilities

Compliance to environmental law

Limit quarrying

Soft measure approach in coastal area

Proper planning in coastal developments

Percentage of responses

Preventive measures

Malinao Malilipot Bacacay Sto. Domingo Tabaco

01020304050

Compliannce evaluation to CLUP

Quarrying regulation

Relocation of erosion hazzard settlement and facilities

Mangrove reforestation

Medium term integrated road map

Massive IEC of concrened communities and the general

public on responsesible habitation in coastal areas

Use of science based information as input in coastal

development project

Monitoring and evaluation of coastal developments

projects and activities

Percentage of responses

Kinds of corrective measures

Malinao Malilipot Bacacay Sto. Domingo Tabaco

Mendoza et al.: shoreline analysis in albay 17

ceptions and responses of local communities offer

valuable insights into potential adaptive strategies.

Despite their awareness of the drivers of erosion,

communities face challenges in balancing econom-

ic dependence on unsustainable practices, such as

quarrying, with the urgent need for environmental

protection. The limited prioritization of quarry regu-

lation, particularly in economically dependent areas,

underscores the necessity of implementing inclusive

and context-sensitive management strategies. This

study emphasizes the importance of integrating soft

measures, such as vegetation restoration and dune

stabilization, into comprehensive coastal manage-

ment plans. The alignment of these measures with

LGU hazard mapping and land use planning can

enhance the resilience of coastal areas against the

compounded effects of climate change and human

activities. Moreover, fostering community participa-

tion and ensuring the enforcement of environmen-

tal regulations are critical for achieving long-term

sustainability in shoreline management. Addressing

shoreline erosion in Albay requires a multifaceted

approach that combines scientic analysis, regula-

tory enforcement, and community-driven solutions.

By striking a balance between ecological preser-

vation and economic development, the region can

mitigate the impacts of erosion while safeguarding

its coastal resources for future generations.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The researchers are grateful to the following for

the extended help and services that contributed to

the project’s success. BU Tabaco Campus, BU Re-

search Development and Management Division,

LGUs of the east coast of Albay. This research

was made possible through the training and ca-

pacity-building initiatives conducted by DOST-

PCAARRD and the UP Marine Science Institute,

whose expertise and guidance were instrumental

in shaping the methodologies and analytical ap-

proaches used in this study. Their commitment to

advancing coastal and marine research has signif-

icantly contributed to the project’s achievements.

Funding

This research was supported by funding from

the Bicol University Research and Development

Management Division (BU RDMD) and Bicol Uni-

versity Tabaco Campus.

Conict of interest

The author declares no conicts of interest or

competing interests regarding the publication of

this study.

Availability of data and materials

The data used in this study, including satellite

imagery and beach proling records, are available

from the corresponding author upon reasonable

request.

Author contributions

Antonino B. Mendoza, Jr.: conceptualizing the

research; conducting the data analysis; writing the

manuscript; eld observations. Joshua K. B. Bis-

ta: conceptualizing the research; conducting the

data analysis; writing the manuscript; eld obser-

vations. Skorzeny C. De Jesus: conceptualizing

the research; conducting the data analysis; writing

the manuscript; eld observations. María Luisa U.

Tango: conceptualizing the research; conducting

the data analysis; writing the manuscript; eld

observations.

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