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๎˜ฐ๏บ๏Ž‹๏Ž‚๏Ž‡๏พ๎˜ƒ๏บ๏Ž‡๏ฝ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๏Ž‚๏ŽŒ๏Ž๏พ๏Ž‹๏Ž’๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๏ผ๏Ž‚๏พ๏Ž‡๏ผ๏พ๏ŽŒ๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜™๎˜”๎˜๎˜”๎˜š๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜—๎˜š๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜–๎˜’๎™๎™„๎šฟ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜–๎˜›๎˜”๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜”๎˜“๎˜”๎˜“๎˜š
ABSTRACT.๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒActinostella ๎˜ง๎™˜๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™–๎™–๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™•๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒA. bradleyi ๎˜‹๎˜น๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜™๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒA. californica๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฐ๎™†๎˜ฐ๎™˜๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜œ๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฅ๎™’๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎›€๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™†๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™‹๎™’๎™š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™‹๎™’๎™š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™›๎™’๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™๎™œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎™˜๎™Œ๎™–๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™˜๎™๎™…๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™˜๎™๎™…๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™Œ๎™•๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™’๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™–๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™˜๎™๎™…๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‡๎™‡๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™“๎™‡๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜‘
Key words: ๎˜ค๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒActinostella bradleyi๎˜๎˜ƒActinostella californica๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™˜๏ต๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™‹๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™„๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜‘
Dos nuevos registros de anรฉmonas de mar (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Actiniaria) en la costa del
Pacรญ๎šฟco Oriental de El Salvador
RESUMEN. ๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™ฐ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ
Actinostella๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™˜๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™–๎™–๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜๎˜ƒA. bradleyi ๎˜‹๎˜น๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜™๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒA. californica ๎˜‹๎˜ฐ๎™†๎˜ฐ๎™˜๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜œ๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™†๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™…๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™ฉ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜
๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ด๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎™ด๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™ฉ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™๎™Š๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ด๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™›๎™’๎™‘๎™น๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ด๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™„๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™พ๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ฉ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™พ๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™’๎™Š๎™ฐ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™Š๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™พ๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ฐ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™ด๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ฐ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜‘
Palabras clave: ๎˜ค๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒActinostella bradleyi๎˜๎˜ƒActinostella californica๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™…๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™น๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎˜‘
๎˜ฑ๎˜ฒ๎˜ท๎˜จ๎˜ƒ
Two new records of sea anemones (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Actiniaria) from the
Eastern Paci๎šฟc coast of El Salvador
๎˜ค๏ฝ๏Ž‹๏Ž‚๏บ๏Ž‡๏บ๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๏บ๏Ž†๏Žง๏Ž‹๏พ๏Ž“๎˜๎˜ฒ๏Ž‹๏พ๏Ž…๏Ž…๏บ๏Ž‡๏บ1๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๏Žˆ๏Ž๏บ๏Ž‡๏Ž‡๏บ๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๏พ๏Ž€๏Žˆ๏Ž๏Ž‚๏บ๎˜•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๏บ๏ป๏Ž‚๏Žœ๏Ž‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๏ผ๏ŽŽ๏Žช๏บ๎˜—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๏Ž€๏ŽŽ๏ŽŒ๏Ž๏Žง๏Ž‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๏บ๏Ž‹๏พ๏ŽŒ๏พ๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎˜ต๏Ž‚๏ผ๏บ๏Ž‹๏ฝ๏Žˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๏Žˆ๏Ž‡๏Ž“๏Žœ๏Ž…๏พ๏Ž“๎˜๎˜ฐ๏ŽŽ๏Žช๏Žˆ๏Ž“๎˜—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜
1๎˜จ๎™–๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™ด๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™ฉ๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™Œ๎™˜๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™ฉ๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎™ฐ๎™•๎™’๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™˜๎™๎™Œ๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‘๎™’๎™™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฌ๎˜ฆ๎˜ท๎˜ฌ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™–๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™„๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜”๎˜“๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜ฆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™Œ๎™๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎˜ฌ๎˜ฐ๎˜ค๎˜ต๎™œ๎˜ฏ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™–๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™„๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜”๎˜“๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™…๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฌ๎˜ฌ๎˜ฐ๎™œ๎˜ฆ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™›๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™•๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™Œ๎™…๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™Œ๎™…๎™„๎˜๎˜ค๎˜ฌ๎˜ณ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™˜๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฅ๎™˜๎™Œ๎™๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜ฅ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜š๎˜”๎˜—๎˜—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™—๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™“๎™˜๎™…๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎˜ต๎˜ฆ๎˜ฌ๎˜ง๎˜ƒAdriana Ramรญrez-Orellana๎˜ƒ ๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™’๎™•๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜œ๎˜๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜™๎˜๎˜š๎˜š๎˜“๎˜–๎˜๎˜•๎˜–๎˜”๎˜ป๎˜๎˜ƒ
Johanna Segovia๎˜ƒ ๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™’๎™•๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜”๎˜๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜—๎˜›๎˜๎˜–๎˜š๎˜œ๎˜“๎˜๎˜ƒFabiรกn H. Acuรฑa๎˜ƒ ๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™’๎™•๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜–๎˜๎˜–๎˜“๎˜š๎˜˜๎˜๎˜•๎˜—๎˜œ๎˜•๎˜๎˜ƒ
Agustรญn Garese๎˜ƒ ๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™’๎™•๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜•๎˜๎˜“๎˜›๎˜–๎˜–๎˜๎˜—๎˜š๎˜›๎˜“๎˜๎˜ƒRicardo Gonzรกlez-Muรฑoz๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™’๎™•๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜•๎˜๎˜œ๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜œ๎˜๎˜“๎˜•๎˜™๎˜œ
Marine and
Fishery Sciences
MAFIS
๎˜๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜
๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜‘๎™Š๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ฃ๎™Š๎™๎™„๎™Œ๎™๎˜‘๎™†๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ
๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™˜๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—
๎˜ค๎™†๎™†๎™ˆ๎™“๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™…๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—
๎˜ฌ๎˜ถ๎˜ถ๎˜ฑ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜™๎˜›๎˜–๎˜๎˜š๎˜˜๎˜œ๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™“๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎˜Œ
๎˜ฌ๎˜ถ๎˜ถ๎˜ฑ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜™๎˜›๎˜–๎˜๎˜š๎˜œ๎˜˜๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜Œ
๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™’๎™๎™–๎˜‘๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™“๎˜‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎˜‘๎™„๎™•
๎˜ƒ
๎˜ญ๎™’๎™˜๎™•๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’
๎˜‹๎˜ฌ๎˜ฑ๎˜ฌ๎˜ง๎˜จ๎˜ณ๎˜Œ
๎˜ท๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™’๎™•๎™Ž๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™—๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜
๎˜ฑ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ถ๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ค๎™๎™Œ๎™Ž๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™Œ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™ˆ
Marine and Fishery Sciences 38 (1): 161-170 (2025)
๎˜”๎˜™๎˜•
๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™Ž๎™‘๎™’๎™š๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™Š๎™•๎™’๎™˜๎™“๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎™…๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™ˆ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™‹๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎˜
๎™–๎™œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ง๎™„๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜›๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™…๎™„๎™…๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎˜
๎™–๎™’๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™Ž๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™…๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜
๎˜ฐ๎™˜๎™ธ๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™˜๎™…๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ต๎™„๎™๎™ด๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ฒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™†๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™•๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™•๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‡๎™‡๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™„๎™›๎™’๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Ž๎™‘๎™’๎™š๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™‹๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎˜
๎šฟ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒPhyl-
lactis ๎˜ฐ๎™Œ๎™๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜จ๎™‡๎™š๎™„๎™•๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎™„๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜”๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™‹๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™…๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™œ๎™‘๎™’๎™‘๎™œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒActinostella๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™˜๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™–๎™–๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ซ๎™ฌ๎™˜๎™–๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜–๎˜ž๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™Š๎™ฉ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ท๎™‹๎™•๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒActinostella๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒActinostella
bradleyi ๎˜‹๎˜น๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜™๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒActinostella ornata ๎˜‹๎˜น๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜
๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜™๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒActinostella californica ๎˜‹๎˜ฐ๎™†๎˜ฐ๎™˜๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜›๎˜œ๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎™’๎™š๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™›๎™’๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎˜ƒ
Actinostella๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎™›๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎˜
๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎™˜๎™Œ๎™–๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™—๎™š๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‰๎™˜๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™Š๎™ฉ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘
๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™›๎™’๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™š๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ
Actinostella๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™—๎˜
๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
A. bradleyi ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒA. californica๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™’๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™…๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜
๎™‘๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™„๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™‘๎˜
๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™Š๎™ฉ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™†๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™Š๎™ฉ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒA. bradleyi๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒA. californica๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™Œ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™˜๎™๎™…๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜
๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™˜๎™๎™…๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™Œ๎™•๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™’๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™–๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™•๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒA. bradleyi๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒA. californica๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎˜
๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™„๎™–๎™—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎›€๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™†๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™…๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ
๎˜ณ๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™˜๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™„๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™น๎™…๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™•๎™’๎™—๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™„๎™–๎™—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‡๎™‡๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™š๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™๎™œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™’๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™“๎™‡๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™›๎™’๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™’๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜
๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™‹๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎™š๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™๎™˜๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜•๎˜ƒ
๎™Ž๎™‘๎™’๎™š๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™œ๎˜‘
๎˜ท๎™‹๎™Œ๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎˜
๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™Ž๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜–๎šƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜œ๎ž๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜–๎žŽ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜š๎šƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜˜๎ž๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎žŽ๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™น๎™…๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™•๎™’๎™—๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜–๎šƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜”๎ž๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜”๎žŽ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜œ๎šƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜›๎ž๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜–๎˜•๎žŽ๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎˜
๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™†๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™—๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎˜
๎™˜๎™„๎™๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™˜๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™…๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™Š๎˜ฆ๎™๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎™š๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™›๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎™š๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™†๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ท๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™„๎™Š๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™š๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‹๎™œ๎™‡๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™…๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๏ถ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎˜
๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜๎˜”๎˜“๎˜ƒยต๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™Œ๎™†๎™Ž๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™›๎™œ๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎™š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜๎˜ฉ๎™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™›๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™œ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™œ๎™–๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™๎™„๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™–๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™„๎™“๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™›๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎˜
๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™Ž๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™˜๏ต๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™œ๎™‘๎™›๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™”๎™˜๎™„๎™–๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜
๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™–๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฝ๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™–๎™–๎˜๎˜ค๎™›๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™„๎™…๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™–๎™†๎™’๎™“๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎™›๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™Š๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™Œ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ซ๎™ฌ๎™˜๎™–๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™œ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™œ๎™–๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎™š๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™†๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™˜๎™–๎™๎™ญ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜›๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™œ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™œ๎™–๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™˜๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™Š๎™ฉ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™œ๎™“๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™œ๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™„๎™๎˜
Ramรญrez-Orellana et al.: Sea anemones from El Salvador ๎˜”๎˜™๎˜–
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™”๎™˜๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎™…๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™Œ๎™๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ฌ๎˜ฆ๎˜ฐ๎˜ค๎˜ต๎˜จ๎˜ถ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™๎˜
๎™๎™’๎™š๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™›๎™’๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™–๎™–๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™’๎™‡๎™•๎™ด๎™Š๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎™š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™†๎™•๎™Œ๎™“๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎˜‘
๎˜ฒ๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™š๎™Œ๎™Š๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜›๎˜•
๎˜ถ๎™˜๎™…๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™‘๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™’๎™‡๎™•๎™ด๎™Š๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™„๎™๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜—๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™’๎™‡๎™•๎™ด๎™Š๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜—๎˜Œ
๎˜ถ๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‰๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™’๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™„๎šฟ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜”๎˜˜
๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™„๎šฟ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜”๎˜˜
๎˜ช๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒActinostella๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™˜๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™–๎™–๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜“
Actinostella bradleyi (Verrill, 1869)
๎˜‹๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜๎˜ง๎˜Œ
Asteractis bradleyi๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜™๎˜œ๎˜‘
Phyllactis bradleyi๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜น๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜™๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™“๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜•๎˜•๎˜‘
๎˜ฑ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒPhyllactis bradleyi๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜น๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜™๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™•๎™๎™Š๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜˜๎˜”๎˜‘
Actinostella bradleyi๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜น๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜™๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎™ฌ๎™˜๎™–๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜–๎˜‘
Actinostella californica๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฐ๎™†๎˜ฐ๎™˜๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜œ๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™•๎˜
๎™•๎™„๎™Š๎™ฉ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜‘
Material examined
๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฌ๎˜ฆ๎˜ฐ๎˜ค๎˜ต๎˜จ๎˜ถ๎˜๎˜ธ๎˜จ๎˜ถ๎˜๎˜ฆ๎˜ฌ๎˜๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜๎˜•๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ณ๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜–๎šƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜œ๎ž๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜–๎žŽ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜›๎˜š๎šƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜˜๎ž๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎žŽ๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™“๎™—๎™‹๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™˜๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‡๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™„๎™๎™ด๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ฒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™˜๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎˜
๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฌ๎˜ฆ๎˜ฐ๎˜ค๎˜ต๎˜จ๎˜ถ๎˜๎˜ธ๎˜จ๎˜ถ๎˜๎˜ฆ๎˜ฌ๎˜๎˜•๎˜š๎˜๎˜–๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™น๎™…๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜–๎šƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜”๎ž๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜”๎žŽ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜›๎˜œ๎šƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜›๎ž๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜–๎˜•๎žŽ๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎˜
๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™†๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™—๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™“๎™—๎™‹๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™˜๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‡๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜ต๎™„๎™๎™ด๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ฒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜‘
Description
๎˜ฒ๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™†๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™„๎™•๎™Ž๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™‹๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™–๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™š๎™„๎™•๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜
๎™๎™’๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™˜๏ต๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™•๎™’๎™š๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™’๎™š๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™„๎™•๎™Ž๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜š๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎˜
๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™‡๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎˜œ๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™’๎™š๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™“๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™†๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™„๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜‘
Marine and Fishery Sciences 38 (1): 161-170 (2025)
๎˜”๎˜™๎˜—
๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™’๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Ž๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™„๎™•๎™Ž๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™’๎™–๎™–๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Ž๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™๎™˜๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™›๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™˜๎™–๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™œ๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜œ๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™˜๎™๎™…๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™๎™’๎™’๎™—๎™‹๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜
๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™‹๎™’๎™•๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™…๎™’๎™˜๎™—๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎™—๎™‹๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™‹๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™Œ๎™•๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™•๎™‰๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™๎™’๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™•๎™’๎™˜๎™Š๎™‹๎™’๎™˜๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™œ๎˜๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™Œ๎™•๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜
๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™›๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™˜๎™–๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™˜๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™œ๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™œ๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™Œ๎™•๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎˜๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜
๎™’๎™“๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™“๎™‹๎™’๎™‘๎™’๎™Š๎™๎™œ๎™“๎™‹๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™–๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™—๎™’๎™…๎™„๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™–๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎˜๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™“๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™•๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎™Š๎™๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ช๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™’๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™–๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™œ๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™’๎™‘๎™’๎™†๎™‹๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™–๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎˜๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™“๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™‹๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎˜
๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™–๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™Œ๎™•๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™–๎™†๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™–๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎˜
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฝ๎™’๎™’๎™›๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™˜๏ต๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘
Cnidom
๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™„๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™–๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎šฟ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ b๎˜๎™๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™’๎™“๎™‹๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎šฟ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ p๎˜๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜
๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™’๎™“๎™‹๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎™“๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™œ๎™‘๎™›๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎šฟ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ p๎˜๎™๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎˜
๎™Š๎™’๎™“๎™‹๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎šฟ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™œ๎™–๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฉ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™•๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™Š๎™ฉ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘
๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜ƒActinostella bradleyi๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™š๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™š๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™•๎™’๎™–๎™–๎˜๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™•๎™’๎™˜๎™Š๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™“๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™Œ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™˜๎™–๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™•๎™’๎™˜๎™Š๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™“๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™Œ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™‹๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™–๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™…๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎˜ ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎˜
๎™˜๎™๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™–๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™˜๏ต๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™—๎™’๎™…๎™„๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™–๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™–๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™“๎™‹๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™–๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™•๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜ƒยต๎™๎˜‘
Ramรญrez-Orellana et al.: Sea anemones from El Salvador ๎˜”๎˜™๎˜˜
Remarks
๎˜ค๎™†๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™Š๎™ฉ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒA. bradleyi๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎™˜๎™Œ๎™–๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎˜œ๎˜™๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™œ๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™˜๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™œ๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒp๎˜๎™๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™’๎™“๎™‹๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™˜๏ต๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™†๎™•๎™Œ๎™“๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ
A. bradleyi๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™Š๎™ฉ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™›๎™†๎™ˆ๎™“๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎™—๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ p๎˜๎™๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™’๎™“๎™‹๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™˜๏ต๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ
p๎˜๎™๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™’๎™“๎™‹๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™˜๏ต๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™Ž๎™ˆ๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™š๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™…๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™œ๎™“๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™œ๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™Œ๎™–๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™˜๎™Š๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™œ๎™๎™“๎™„๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒA. californica๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜
๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎™˜๎™Œ๎™–๎™‹๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
A. californica๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™“๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™’๎™˜๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™œ๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘
Natural history and distribution
๎˜ท๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‹๎™„๎™…๎™Œ๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™—๎˜
๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™Ž๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™…๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™’๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜๎™†๎™’๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™’๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™“๎™—๎™‹๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™˜๎™Š๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™‘๎˜
๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™“๎™—๎™‹๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™—๎™š๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™Š๎™ฉ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™Œ๎™Ž๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ
Actinostella๎˜๎˜ƒA. bradleyi๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™œ๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™‹๎™’๎™—๎™’๎˜
๎™–๎™œ๎™‘๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™’๎™›๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™˜๏ต๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™Š๎™ฉ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™‡๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™˜๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Š๎™œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒActinostella
bradleyi๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™„๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ณ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™Š๎™ฉ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™˜๎™—๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™•๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜‘
Actinostella californica (McMurrich, 1893)
๎˜‹๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜๎˜ง๎˜Œ
Oulactis californica๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™†๎˜ฐ๎™˜๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜œ๎˜–๎˜‘
๎˜ฑ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ Asteractis concinnata๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ง๎™•๎™„๎™œ๎™—๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ง๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜›๎˜—๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™›๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜”๎˜•๎˜‘
Phyllactis californica๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฐ๎™†๎˜ฐ๎™˜๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜œ๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜
๎™“๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜•๎˜•๎˜‘
๎˜‹๎˜ข๎˜ŒPhyllactis bradleyi๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜น๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜™๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™•๎™๎™Š๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜˜๎˜”๎˜‘
๎˜‹๎˜ข๎˜ŒPhyllactis concinnata๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ง๎™•๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜—๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™•๎™๎™Š๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜˜๎˜”๎˜‘
Actinostella californica๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฐ๎™†๎˜ฐ๎™˜๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜œ๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ซ๎™ฌ๎™˜๎™–๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜–๎˜‘
Actinostella californica๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฐ๎™†๎˜ฐ๎™˜๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜œ๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™•๎˜
๎™•๎™„๎™Š๎™ฉ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜‘
Phyllactis๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜—๎˜‘
Material examined
๎˜ท๎™š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฌ๎˜ฆ๎˜ฐ๎˜ค๎˜ต๎˜จ๎˜ถ๎˜๎˜ธ๎˜จ๎˜ถ๎˜๎˜ฆ๎˜ฌ๎˜๎˜•๎˜๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎™๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜–๎šƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜œ๎ž๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜–๎žŽ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜“๎˜›๎˜š๎šƒ๎˜ƒ ๎˜˜๎˜˜๎ž๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎žŽ๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎˜
๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™“๎™—๎™‹๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™˜๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‡๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ต๎™„๎™๎™ด๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ฒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜ž๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™š๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ฌ๎˜ฆ๎˜ฐ๎˜ค๎˜ต๎˜จ๎˜ถ๎˜๎˜ธ๎˜จ๎˜ถ๎˜๎˜ฆ๎˜ฌ๎˜๎˜—๎˜๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™น๎™…๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜–๎šƒ๎˜ƒ ๎˜–๎˜”๎ž๎˜ƒ
๎˜–๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜”๎žŽ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜“๎˜›๎˜œ๎šƒ๎˜ƒ ๎˜—๎˜›๎ž๎˜ƒ ๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜–๎˜•๎žŽ๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎™†๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™—๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™“๎™—๎™‹๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ญ๎™˜๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‡๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜ต๎™„๎™๎™ด๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ฒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜‘
Description
๎˜ฒ๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎˜
๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™˜๏ต๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™„๎™•๎™Ž๎˜๎™…๎™•๎™’๎™š๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™„๎™•๎™Ž๎˜๎™Š๎™•๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™‡๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™’๎™š๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™›๎™’๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Ž๎™Œ๎™–๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™‹๎™Œ๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™’๎™–๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Ž๎™Œ๎™–๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™‹๎™Œ๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™›๎™„๎™๎˜
๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™˜๎™–๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™˜๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™œ๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜—๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™˜๎™๎™…๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™๎™’๎™’๎™—๎™‹๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎˜
๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™‹๎™’๎™•๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™…๎™’๎™˜๎™—๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎™—๎™‹๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™๎™˜๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™Œ๎™•๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™•๎™‰๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™œ๎˜๎™‰๎™’๎™˜๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™Œ๎™•๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™›๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™˜๎™–๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™•๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™œ๎˜
๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™•๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™œ๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™Œ๎™•๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™Œ๎™•๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜
๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎˜๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™“๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™“๎™‹๎™’๎™‘๎™’๎™Š๎™๎™œ๎™“๎™‹๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎˜
๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™–๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™—๎™’๎™…๎™„๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™˜๎™–๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎˜๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™“๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎™Š๎™๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™’๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™–๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™œ๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜ง๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜
๎™†๎™๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™’๎™‘๎™’๎™†๎™‹๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™–๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™š๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎˜๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™“๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™‹๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™–๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™Œ๎™•๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™–๎™†๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™–๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฝ๎™’๎™’๎™›๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™˜๏ต๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘
Marine and Fishery Sciences 38 (1): 161-170 (2025)
166
Cnidom
๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎™„๎™๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™Œ๎™–๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™„๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒb๎˜๎™๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™’๎™“๎™‹๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎šฟ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒp๎˜๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜
๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™’๎™“๎™‹๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎™“๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™œ๎™‘๎™›๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎šฟ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ p๎˜๎™๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎˜
๎™Š๎™’๎™“๎™‹๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎šฟ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™œ๎™–๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฉ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™•๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™Š๎™ฉ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘
Remarks
Actinostella californica๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎™˜๎™Œ๎™–๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒA.
bradleyi๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™Œ๎™•๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒA. bradleyi๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜œ๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™Œ๎™•๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™†๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™Š๎™ฉ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎™˜๎™Œ๎™–๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
A. californica๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒA. bradleyi ๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™•๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™œ๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™•๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™š๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™…๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™Œ๎™•๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™œ๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™‡๎™œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎™’๎™š๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™‹๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒActinostella๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™œ๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™“๎™“๎™ˆ๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ
๎™…๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™š๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™˜๏ต๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ง๎™˜๎™•๎™ฉ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™š๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™…๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™›๎™’๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™’๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎˜
๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎™˜๎™Œ๎™–๎™‹๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒA. californica๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜
๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™˜๏ต๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™Š๎™ฉ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜ƒActinostella californica๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™š๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™š๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™•๎™’๎™–๎™–๎˜๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™•๎™’๎™˜๎™Š๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™“๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™Œ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™˜๎™–๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™•๎™’๎™–๎™–๎˜๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™•๎™’๎™˜๎™Š๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™Œ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™œ๎™–๎™—๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™…๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™˜๏ต๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™’๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™†๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™—๎™’๎™…๎™„๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™–๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™–๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™œ๎™–๎™—๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™•๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ง๎˜ƒ=๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜ƒยต๎™๎˜‘
Ramรญrez-Orellana et al.: Sea anemones from El Salvador ๎˜”๎˜™๎˜š
๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎™…๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™๎™˜๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™‹๎™’๎™—๎™’๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™“๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™˜๏ต๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™‹๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒPhyllactis๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™œ๎™‘๎™’๎™‘๎™œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒActinostella๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ซ๎™ฌ๎™˜๎™–๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜–๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™Š๎™ฉ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™‹๎™’๎™—๎™’๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™“๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ˆ๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
A. californica๎˜‘
Natural history and distribution
๎˜ท๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‹๎™„๎™…๎™Œ๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™Ž๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™…๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™“๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒActinostella californica๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™„๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™Œ๎˜
๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™Š๎™ฉ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™˜๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™•๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜‘
๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™š๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒA. bradleyi๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒA. californi-
ca๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™’๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™“๎™‹๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎˜
๎™—๎™š๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™’๎™˜๎™–๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™†๎™†๎™˜๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™’๎™–๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™’๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‘๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™‘๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™“๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™›๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜๎˜–๎˜“๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™Ž๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™š๎™„๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™š๎™‹๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™˜๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™„๎™–๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™…๎™’๎™˜๎™—๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜๎˜“๎˜š๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™Ž๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™Š๎™ฉ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒActinostella๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™Œ๎™Ž๎™ˆ๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™’๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎˜
๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎™—๎˜
๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™š๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™˜๎™๎™…๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ท๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎™’๎™š๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‘๎™’๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™„๎™–๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ Anthopleura๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™˜๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™Ž๎™ˆ๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™š๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ต๎™„๎™๎™ด๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ฒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜š๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™„๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒNemanthus๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Ž๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒMyriopathes pana-
๎˜ท๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™˜๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™ˆ๎™š๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™๎™‡๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜“๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™•๎™๎™Š๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜—๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎™ฌ๎™˜๎™–๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™„๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜›๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜š๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™„๎™๎™ด๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ฒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜›๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™œ๎˜‘
๎˜ถ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™†๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–
๎˜”๎˜ƒ Actinostella bradleyi (Verrill, 1869) ๎˜ณ๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ ๎˜›
๎˜ƒ ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™น๎™…๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ค๎™†๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™—๎™๎™„๎˜Œ
๎˜•๎˜ƒ Actinostella californica (McMurrich, 1893) ๎˜ณ๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ ๎˜™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜›
๎˜ƒ ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™น๎™…๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ค๎™†๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™—๎™๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™Œ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‡
๎˜–๎˜ƒ Anthopleura dowii๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜™๎˜œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™น๎™…๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ค๎™†๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™—๎™๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜—
๎˜—๎˜ƒ Anthopleura mariscali๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™„๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜—๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜š
๎˜˜๎˜ƒ Anthopleura nigrescens๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜น๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜•๎˜›๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ ๎˜š
๎˜ƒ ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™น๎™…๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ค๎™†๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™—๎™๎™„๎˜Œ
๎˜™๎˜ƒ Anthopleura xanthogrammica ๎˜‹๎˜ฅ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™น๎™…๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ค๎™†๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™—๎™๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜”
๎˜š๎˜ƒ Bunodosoma californicum๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™•๎™๎™Š๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜˜๎˜”๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™น๎™…๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ค๎™†๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™—๎™๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜—
๎˜›๎˜ƒ Bunodosoma grande๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜น๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜™๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™น๎™…๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ค๎™†๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™—๎™๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜™
๎˜œ๎˜ƒ Phymactis papillosa๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฏ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜–๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎˜•
๎˜”๎˜“๎˜ƒ Exaiptasia diaphana๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ต๎™„๎™“๎™“๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜•๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ ๎˜š
๎˜ƒ ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™น๎™…๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ค๎™†๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™—๎™๎™„๎˜Œ
๎˜”๎˜”๎˜ƒ Telmatactis panamensis๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜น๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜™๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ ๎˜™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜š
๎˜ƒ ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™น๎™…๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ค๎™†๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™—๎™๎™„๎˜Œ
๎˜”๎˜• Metridium farcimen ๎˜‹๎˜ฅ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™„๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๏ต๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™ˆ๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™–๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎˜˜
Marine and Fishery Sciences 38 (1): 161-170 (2025)
๎˜”๎˜™๎˜›
mensis ๎˜‹๎˜น๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜™๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™“๎™—๎™‹๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜“๎˜๎˜—๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™‹๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ
๎™š๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒNemanthus cali-
fornicus๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™•๎™๎™Š๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜—๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎™™๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™’๎™˜๎™–๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™„๎™•๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜จ๎™›๎™†๎™’๎™‰๎˜
๎™‰๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™’๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™˜๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™†๎™„๎™˜๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™๎™„๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™’๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ง๎™„๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™.๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜›๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‡๎™‡๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™’๎™š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™๎™’๎™…๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™•๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™…๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™˜๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™›๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎™Š๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™†๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ต๎™’๎™‡๎™•๎™ด๎™Š๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™•๎™˜๎™๎˜๎˜น๎™ฉ๎™๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎˜น๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™—๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎™Š๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™•๎™…๎™ˆ๎™’๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™˜๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Œ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™›๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™†๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™ˆ๎™๎™‡๎™–๎˜‘
๎˜ค๎˜ฆ๎˜ฎ๎˜ฑ๎˜ฒ๎˜บ๎˜ฏ๎˜จ๎˜ง๎˜ช๎˜จ๎˜ฐ๎˜จ๎˜ฑ๎˜ท๎˜ถ
๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™‘๎™™๎™Œ๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎™˜๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜ฌ๎˜ฐ๎˜ค๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™˜๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™†๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™‹๎™•๎™’๎™˜๎™Š๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™˜๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎˜ƒ๎šต๎˜จ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎šถ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‰๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎šถ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™‰๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎˜ƒ ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‡๎™‡๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎™Ž๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎˜ƒ๎šต๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎™–๎™’๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Ž๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฉ๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™น๎™…๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎šถ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™‰๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‹๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‘๎™’๎™™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™–๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™„๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™˜๎™…๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎˜ƒ
๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™Œ๎™๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฌ๎˜ฆ๎˜ฐ๎˜ค๎˜ต๎˜จ๎˜ถ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™•๎™’๎™˜๎™Š๎™‹๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ถ๎™†๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™’๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎™™๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ถ๎™†๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™–๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™“๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™Ž๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™๎™„๎™…๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™„๏ต๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ณ๎™•๎™’๎™—๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™น๎™…๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
Author contributions
๎˜ค๎™‡๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™„๎™๎™ด๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ฒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™“๎™—๎™˜๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ž๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™œ๎˜ž๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ž๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™„๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ž๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™•๎™Œ๎™—๎˜
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™•๎™„๎™‰๎™—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™’๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎™™๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™“๎™—๎™˜๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎˜
๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎™˜๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™…๎™Œ๎™ฉ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ซ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™†๎™˜๎™ธ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™“๎™—๎™˜๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™œ๎˜ž๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™„๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™Š๎™˜๎™–๎™—๎™ด๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™“๎™—๎™˜๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™‹๎˜
๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™œ๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™„๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™˜๎™ธ๎™’๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™“๎™—๎™˜๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ž๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™œ๎˜ž๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™„๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ž๎˜ƒ
๎™š๎™•๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™•๎™„๎™‰๎™—๎˜‘
๎˜ต๎˜จ๎˜ฉ๎˜จ๎˜ต๎˜จ๎˜ฑ๎˜ฆ๎˜จ๎˜ถ
๎˜ค๏Ž‹๏ป๏พ๏Žˆ๏Ž…๏บ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜ฐ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๏บ๏Ž‹๏Ž‚๏Ž€๏Ž‡๏บ๏Ž‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜ฒ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๏ผ๏ŽŽ๏Žช๏บ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎˜ซ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๏Ž๏ŽŽ๏Ž‹๏Ž‚๏Žˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฐ๎˜ถ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๏บ๏Ž‹๏Ž‹๏พ๏Ž๏Žˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜ฌ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜๎™๎™Œ๎™Ž๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎˜
๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒAulactinia
marplatensis๎˜๎˜ƒOulactis muscosa๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒAnthothoe
chilensis.๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎™“๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™Œ๎™’๎™†๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™‹๎™œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™Œ๎™’๎™†๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜”๎˜™๎˜๎˜•๎˜•๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ง๎˜ฒ๎˜ฌ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘
๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜’๎™๎˜‘๎™†๎™…๎™“๎™…๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜”๎˜”
๎˜ฅ๏บ๏Ž‹๏Ž‹๏บ๏Ž€๏Žœ๏Ž‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ผ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๏Žˆ๏ฝ๏Ž‹๏Žง๏Ž€๏ŽŽ๏พ๏Ž“๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๏Ž๏Ž‚๏Žˆ๏ฝ๏Žˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๏ŽŽ๏ŽŒ๏Ž†๏Žž๏Žˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฏ๎˜ฆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๏Žœ๏Ž‡๏ผ๏Ž๏พ๏Ž“๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๏บ๏ŽŽ๏Ž‹๏พ๏Ž๏Ž๏บ๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒActinostella๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™’๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™…๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎˜
๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™—๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™†๎™•๎™Œ๎™“๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™œ๎™‘๎™’๎™‘๎™œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™’๎™™๎™Œ๎™—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜“๎˜”๎˜—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜๎˜—๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ง๎˜ฒ๎˜ฌ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜•๎˜“๎˜™๎˜’๎˜—๎˜“๎˜”๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฅ๏บ๏Ž‹๏Ž‹๏บ๏Ž€๏Žœ๏Ž‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ผ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๏Žœ๏Ž‡๏ผ๏Ž๏พ๏Ž“๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๏Žˆ๏ฝ๏Ž‹๏Žง๏Ž€๏ŽŽ๏พ๏Ž“๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™•๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™†๎˜
๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™˜๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™˜๎™๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎˜
๎™Œ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™‘๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฐ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฝ๎™’๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™›๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜˜๎˜œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜”๎˜๎˜˜๎˜—๎˜œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ง๎˜ฒ๎˜ฌ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜”๎˜™๎˜—๎˜™๎˜’๎™๎™’๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™›๎™„๎˜‘๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜˜๎˜œ๎˜‘๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜—๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฅ๏บ๏Ž‹๏Ž‹๏บ๏Ž“๏บ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™Š๎™˜๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™›๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎™…๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™˜๎™ฉ๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™•๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜‘
๎˜ฅ๏บ๏Ž‹๏Ž‹๏บ๏Ž“๏บ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎™…๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜พ๎™„๎™†๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™˜๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎™€๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฐ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™•๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜œ๎˜™๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™•๎™†๎™†๎˜‘๎™๎™„๎™•๎™‘๎˜‘๎™Š๎™’๎™…๎˜‘๎™–๎™™๎˜’๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎˜
๎™‡๎™๎™ˆ๎˜’๎˜”๎˜•๎˜–๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜™๎˜š๎˜›๎˜œ๎˜’๎˜”๎˜™๎˜ƒ
Ramรญrez-Orellana et al.: Sea anemones from El Salvador ๎˜”๎˜™๎˜œ
๎˜ฆ๏บ๏Ž‹๏Ž…๏Ž€๏Ž‹๏พ๏Ž‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜—๎˜œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™•๎™™๎™ˆ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™—๎™œ๎™†๎™‹๎™’๎™‡๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™„๎™•๎˜
๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™’๎™•๎™“๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฎ๎™˜๎™‘๎™Š๎™๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™Ž๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™Ž๎™„๎™“๎™–๎™„๎™Ž๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎™„๎™•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜๎˜”๎˜•๎˜”๎˜‘
๎˜ฆ๏บ๏Ž‹๏Ž…๏Ž€๏Ž‹๏พ๏Ž‡๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฒ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜˜๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™„๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ช๎™˜๎™๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™‘๎™Œ๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎™•๎™’๎™†๎˜ƒ ๎˜ธ๎˜ถ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎™˜๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜“๎˜”๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜–๎˜•๎˜›๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜๎˜—๎˜—๎˜œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜ฒ๎˜ฌ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜—๎˜š๎˜œ๎˜’
๎™–๎™Œ๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜“๎˜œ๎˜™๎˜–๎˜›๎˜“๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜“๎˜”๎˜๎˜–๎˜•๎˜›๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜—๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ง๏บ๏Ž…๏Ž’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™›๎™’๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™•๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™๎™’๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™˜๎™๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™‘๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™๎™˜๎™‡๎˜
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒIsoaulactinia hespervolita๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™„๎™๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™†๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜š๎˜š๎˜๎˜–๎˜œ๎˜“๎˜‘
๎˜ง๏บ๏Ž…๏Ž’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๏Ž๏บ๏ŽŽ๏ฝ๏Ž๏ŽŽ๏Ž‹๏Ž‚๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๏ŽŽ๏ŽŒ๏Ž†๎™ญ๏Žˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๏Žˆ๏ฝ๏Ž‹๏Žง๏Ž€๏ŽŽ๏พ๏Ž“๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™‹๎™œ๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™‹๎™Œ๎™“๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™๎™’๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™‹๎™œ๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™™๎™’๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜—๎˜›๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜œ๎˜•๎˜๎˜–๎˜“๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜ฒ๎˜ฌ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜’๎™๎˜‘๎™œ๎™๎™“๎™ˆ๎™™๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜•๎˜•๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๏ŽŒ๏Ž๏Ž‹๏บ๏ฝ๏บ๎˜๎˜ฉ๏Ž…๏Žˆ๏Ž‹๏พ๏ŽŒ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๏พ๏Ž‹๏บ๏Ž…๏Ž๏บ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๏Ž‚๏Ž๏บ๏ŽŒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๏บ๏Ž‡๏Ž“๏บ๏Ž‡๏Žˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™‘๎™˜๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ฐ๎™†๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎˜ช๎˜ท๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜—๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜‘
๎˜จ๏Ž‘๏ผ๏Žˆ๏ฟ๏ฟ๏Žˆ๏Ž‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜ฆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๏ผ๏ŽŽ๏Žช๏บ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎˜ซ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๏Žˆ๏Ž‹๏Ž๏Žฃ๏ŽŒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒNemanthus californicus๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™•๎˜
๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™‹๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™†๎™•๎™Œ๎™“๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™•๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™˜๎™—๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™œ๎™“๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™’๎™†๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™†๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎˜”๎˜—๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ช๏Žˆ๏Ž‡๏Ž“๏Žœ๏Ž…๏พ๏Ž“๎˜๎˜ฐ๏ŽŽ๏Žช๏Žˆ๏Ž“๎˜ƒ ๎˜ต๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๏Ž‚๏Ž†๏Žฎ๏พ๏ŽŒ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฑ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ช๏ŽŽ๏พ๏Ž‹๏Ž‹๏บ๎˜๎˜ฆ๏บ๏ŽŒ๎˜
๏Ž๏Ž‹๏Žˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜ญ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๏พ๏Ž‹๏Ž‡๏Žœ๏Ž‡๏ฝ๏พ๏Ž“๎˜๎˜ฒ๏Ž‹๏Ž๏Žง๏Ž“๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๏บ๏Ž‹๏Ž‹๏บ๏ŽŒ๏ŽŠ๏ŽŽ๏พ๏Ž…๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฐ๏พ๏Ž‡๏ฝ๏พ๏Ž“๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๏Ž‚๏Ž‹๏บ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ต๏บ๏ฝ๏บ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๏พ๏Ž‹๏Ž‡๏Žœ๏Ž‡๏ฝ๏พ๏Ž“๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฌ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ณ๏บ๏ŽŽ๏Ž…๏ŽŒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜ฐ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™•๎˜
๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™’๎™•๎™“๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฝ๎™’๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™‹๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™‹๎™„๎™๎™๎™’๎™š๎˜๎™š๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™™๎™Œ๎˜
๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™š๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™“๎˜
๎™‡๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™†๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜ฒ๎˜ฌ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜”๎˜›๎˜™๎˜’๎™–๎˜—๎˜”๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜๎˜“๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜๎˜š
๎˜ช๏ŽŽ๏ŽŒ๏Ž†๏Žž๏Žˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜ฆ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ช๏Ž‹๏บ๏Žƒ๏บ๏Ž…๏พ๏ŽŒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ต๏Žˆ๏ฝ๏Ž‹๏Žง๏Ž€๏ŽŽ๏พ๏Ž“๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™•๎™’๎™˜๎™Š๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ป๎˜๎˜ต๎™„๎™œ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™˜๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒDiadumene ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜
๎™Œ๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ฆ๎˜ท๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™’๎™™๎™Œ๎™—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜–๎˜œ๎˜“๎˜š๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜๎˜—๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜ฒ๎˜ฌ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜•๎˜“๎˜™๎˜’๎˜–๎˜œ๎˜“๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜ƒ
๎˜ซ๏ŽŸ๏ŽŽ๏ŽŒ๏ŽŒ๏พ๏Ž‹๏Ž†๏บ๏Ž‡๏Ž‡๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™†๎™•๎™Œ๎™“๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒOulactis
concinnata๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ง๎™•๎™„๎™œ๎™—๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜—๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ž๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎™‘๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™๎™’๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™Œ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™˜๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™Š๎™‹๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜
๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™•๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎šณ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎˜๎™๎™Œ๎™Ž๎™ˆ๎šด๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™˜๏ต๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฝ๎™’๎™’๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‹๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜–๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜š๎˜–๎˜๎˜•๎˜“๎˜š๎˜‘
๎˜ซ๏ŽŸ๏ŽŽ๏ŽŒ๏ŽŒ๏พ๏Ž‹๏Ž†๏บ๏Ž‡๏Ž‡๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฌ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™›๎™’๎™‘๎˜
๎™’๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™‰๎™—๎˜๎™…๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™›๎™„๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™˜๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™„๎™๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฅ๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™–๎™–๎™’๎™†๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎˜ฎ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜œ๎˜–๎˜”๎˜๎˜œ๎˜–๎˜™๎˜‘
๎˜ณ๏บ๏Ž‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜”๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™ป๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™ฐ๎™•๎™’๎™˜๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™•๎™ด๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ช๎™„๎™˜๎™—๎™‹๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜๎˜น๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™„๎™•๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™๎™“๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™˜๎™•๎˜๎˜ฏ๎™Œ๎™…๎™•๎™„๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜‘
๎˜ต๏บ๏Ž†๏Žง๏Ž‹๏พ๏Ž“๎˜๎˜ฒ๏Ž‹๏พ๏Ž…๏Ž…๏บ๏Ž‡๏บ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ง๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™ฐ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ค๎™‘๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™๎™’๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎›ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™•๎™’๎™—๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™น๎™…๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎™๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎˜พ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™€๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™ด๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™ฉ๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎˜
๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™’๎™๎™‡๎™•๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎˜‘๎™–๎™™๎˜’๎™Œ๎™‡๎˜’
๎™ˆ๎™“๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎˜’๎˜›๎˜›๎˜“๎˜“๎˜’๎˜”๎˜’๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜“๎˜˜๎˜”๎˜‘๎™“๎™‡๎™‰๎˜‘
๎˜ต๏บ๏Ž†๏Žง๏Ž‹๏พ๏Ž“๎˜๎˜ฒ๏Ž‹๏พ๏Ž…๏Ž…๏บ๏Ž‡๏บ๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๏พ๏Ž€๏Žˆ๏Ž๏Ž‚๏บ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ญ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๏ผ๏ŽŽ๏Žช๏บ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฉ๎˜ซ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ช๏บ๏Ž‹๏พ๏ŽŒ๏พ๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๏Žˆ๏Ž‡๏Ž“๏Žœ๏Ž…๏พ๏Ž“๎˜๎˜ฐ๏ŽŽ๏Žช๏Žˆ๏Ž“๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™ˆ๎™š๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™๎™’๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Ž๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜›๎˜๎˜•๎˜™๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜ฒ๎˜ฌ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘
๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜˜๎˜™๎˜“๎˜’๎˜•๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜›
๎˜ต๏Žˆ๏ฝ๏Ž‹๏Žง๏Ž€๏ŽŽ๏พ๏Ž“๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฅ๏บ๏Ž‹๏ป๏พ๏Ž‚๏Ž๏Žˆ๏ŽŒ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎˜ถ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฅ๏Ž‹๏ŽŽ๏Ž€๏Ž…๏พ๏Ž‹๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎˜ต๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๏Ž‹๏Žˆ๏Ž๏Ž…๏พ๏Ž’๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎˜ฐ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ช๏Ž‹๏บ๏Žƒ๏บ๏Ž…๏พ๏ŽŒ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ช๏ŽŽ๏ŽŒ๏Ž†๏Žž๏Žˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ซ๏ŽŸ๏ŽŽ๏ŽŒ๏ŽŒ๏พ๏Ž‹๏Ž†๏บ๏Ž‡๏Ž‡๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๏พ๏ฟ๏Ž๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๏บ๏Ž…๏Ž’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎™Œ๎™‡๎˜
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™•๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜
๎™–๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™‹๎™œ๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™๎™’๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™„๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™๎™๎™Œ๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™’๎™˜๎™“๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™›๎™„๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎˜ถ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎˜ฑ๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎˜œ๎˜™๎˜œ๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ง๎˜ฒ๎˜ฌ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜–๎˜š๎˜”๎˜’
๎™๎™’๎™˜๎™•๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜“๎˜œ๎˜™๎˜œ๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๏Žœ๏Ž‡๏ผ๏Ž๏พ๏Ž“๎˜๎˜ต๏Žˆ๏ฝ๏Ž‹๏Žง๏Ž€๏ŽŽ๏พ๏Ž“๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๏Ž‹๏ŽŽ๏Ž“๎˜๎˜น๏บ๏Ž“๏ŽŠ๏ŽŽ๏พ๏Ž“๎˜ƒ๎˜ฎ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฌ๎™–๎™’๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ
๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™˜๎™•๎™’๎™—๎™’๎™›๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ
Lebrunia danae๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ง๎™˜๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™–๎™–๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™—๎™—๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜›๎˜™๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™•๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™’๎™›๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜“๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜–๎˜™๎˜๎˜—๎˜—๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜ฒ๎˜ฌ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’
๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜“๎˜“๎˜š๎˜’๎™–๎˜“๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜—๎˜๎˜“๎˜“๎˜™๎˜๎˜“๎˜“๎˜˜๎˜œ๎˜๎˜–
๎˜ถ๏พ๏Ž€๏Žˆ๏Ž๏Ž‚๏บ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎˜
๎™Œ๎™–๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎™’๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎™‰๎™น๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๎™น๎™…๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™•๎™’๎™“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜š๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ง๎˜ฒ๎˜ฌ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜˜๎˜”๎˜š๎˜’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎˜‘๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎˜‘
Marine and Fishery Sciences 38 (1): 161-170 (2025)
๎˜”๎˜š๎˜“
๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎˜‘๎˜‘๎™™๎˜š๎˜”๎™Œ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜•๎˜–๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๏Ž๏พ๏Ž‰๏Ž๏พ๏Ž‡๏ŽŒ๏Žˆ๏Ž‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜•๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™–๎™–๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™•๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฌ๎˜ฌ๎˜ฌ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ง๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™•๎™—๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎˜ฌ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ด๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™Œ๎˜
๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™–๎™†๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜™๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜—๎˜š๎˜๎˜–๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜ฒ๎˜ฌ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘
๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜•๎˜—๎˜•๎˜’๎™๎™†๎™–๎˜‘๎™–๎˜•๎˜๎˜™๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜™๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜—๎˜š๎˜ƒ
๎˜ท๏Žˆ๏Ž‹๏Ž‹๏พ๏Ž’๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎˜ฅ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜“๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™‘๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™‹๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜
๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒBunodactis xanthogrammica๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™‘๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™˜๎™…๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฝ๎™’๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜—๎˜”๎˜๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜‘