MARINE AND FISHERY SCIENCES 35 (3): 421-430 (2022)
https://doi.org/10.47193/mafis.3532022010906
ABSTRACT. There has recently been great concern for proper conservation and use of living nat-
ural resources where good management practices on aquaculture are mandatory. The economic and
ecological importance of prawns of the Genus Macrobrachium cause an impact at a global level
involving economic, academic and social aspects. Macrobrachium americanum appears as one of the
genus species with high nutritional value and an economic demand in the national and international
markets, as well as a vital income for fisherman and producers of this species. For researchers, it is
a challenge to find solutions to culture and propose conservation measures for M. americanum with
emphasis on development, nutrition and reproduction. Although there are scientific studies support-
ing the economic importance of this species, our knowledge about its cultivation, reproduction and
conservation is limited. This paper summarizes the latest studies made in cooperation with M. amer-
icanum in research lead by the Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Mexico. After sev-
eral years of continuous research, it is considered that those efforts have produced useful information
for the sustainable exploitation, conservation and basic management practices of this species.
Key words: Freshwater ecosystem, growth rate, native prawn species, conservation, sustainable
fishing.
Investigaciones recientes sobre el langostino nativo Macrobrachium americanum (Decapoda:
Palaemonidae) con fines de acuicultura y conservación
RESUMEN. En los últimos tiempos ha existido una gran preocupación por la conservación y uso
adecuados de los recursos naturales vivos, donde las buenas prácticas de manejo en la acuicultura
son importantes. La importancia económica y pesquera de los langostinos del Género Macrobra-
chium causa un impacto a nivel global que incluye aspectos económicos, académicos y sociales.
Macrobrachium americanum se presenta como una de las especies del género con alto valor nutri-
tivo y demanda económica en el mercado nacional e internacional y constituye un importante ingre-
421
*Correspondence:
ecortes04@cibnor.mx
Received: 5 April 2022
Accepted: 12 July 2022
ISSN 2683-7595 (print)
ISSN 2683-7951 (online)
https://ojs.inidep.edu.ar
Journal of the Instituto Nacional de
Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero
(INIDEP)
This work is licensed under a Creative
Commons Attribution-
NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
International License
Marine and
Fishery Sciences
MAFIS
REVIEW
Recent advances on research of the native prawn Macrobrachium
americanum (Decapoda: Palaemonidae) with aquaculture and conservation
purposes
YUNEISY M. AGÜERO-FERNÁNDEZ1, MIRIAM V. M ARTÍN-MANZO1, MARITZA L. SOBERANES-YEPIZ1,
MARCELO U. GARCÍA-GUERRERO2, YUNIEL MÉNDEZ-MARTÍNEZ3, LUIS H. HERNÁNDEZ-HERNÁNDEZ4,
LAURA S. LÓPEZ-GRECO5and EDILMAR CORTÉS-JACINTO1, *
1Programa de Acuicultura, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), La Paz, México. 2Centro Interdisciplinario de
Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional, Unidad Oaxaca, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CIIDIR-IPN), Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán,
México. 3Laboratorio de Acuicultura Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Pecuarias y Biológicas, Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo
(UTEQ), Quevedo, Ecuador. 4Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlalnepantla,
México. 5Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Consejo Nacional de
Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), Universidad de
Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. ORCID Yuneisy M. Agüero-Fernández https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8723-404X,
Mirian V. Martín-Manzo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9797-735X, Maritza L. Soberanes-Yepiz https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9957-2468,
Marcelo U. García-Guerrero https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8225-0948, Yuniel Méndez-Martínez https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5365-5794,
Luis H. Hernández-Hernández https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8404-2811, Laura S. López-Greco https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2921-497X,
Edilmar Cortés-Jacinto https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6098-0640
INTRODUCTION
Freshwater prawns
The goal of aquaculture activity is the produc-
tion of useful techniques for the rearing, cultiva-
tion and commercialization of aquatic animals
and plants (Vega-Villasante and Chong 2006).
Prawns or freshwater shrimps, which are the most
diverse crustaceans within the Palaemonidae fam-
ily, are of major importance in aquaculture. They
have a wide geographic distribution including
many species living in estuarine and freshwater
ecosystems (Hernández-Sandoval 2008). Within
this family, the Genus Macrobrachium Bate,
1868, has been of great interest due to the number
of species it comprises (more than 230), its geo-
graphical distribution and its economic value in
many countries (Vega-Villasante et al.2011b;
Méndez-Martínez et al.2018b). Traditionally,
several species of this genus have been cultured
or extracted from rivers for human consumption
owing to its good flavor and high protein content.
Since they are omnivorous with carnivorous
trends, there are many possibilities of developing
diets with a variety of nutrients. According to
Vega-Villasante et al. (2011a, 2011b), the Genus
Macrobrachium is distributed in the tropical and
subtropical regions around the world in areas
where precipitation fluctuates between 400-1,350
mm a year. They may be found at sea level up to
800-1,500 m altitude, delimited by the isotherm
of 18 °C, with minimum and maximum annual
temperature of 16 °C and 32 °C, respectively
(Arroyo-Rentería and Magaña-Ríos 2001). Fresh-
water prawns can successfully live in rivers, estu-
aries, swamps and most kind of coastal water
bodies (Valencia and Campos 2007). This ability
and flexibility to live in a variety of habitats,
makes prawns of this genus a good option to
explore its potential for aquaculture.
In Mexico, several native species and one exot-
ic (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) have been
reported (Arredondo-Figueroa and Ponce-
Palafox 2011). A total of 16 species have been
registered in both sea sides of Mexico: in the
Atlantic, bordering the Gulf of Mexico and the
Caribbean Sea; and in the Pacific, from Baja Cal-
ifornia to Chiapas (Hernández et al.2015).
In recent years, many freshwater prawn popu-
lations have decreased or disappeared due mainly
to overfishing and water pollution. This phenom-
enon is particularly serious in river basins. Gar-
cía-Guerrero et al. (2013) described some actions
required for the conservation of the species that,
if accomplished, will benefit the communities
settled on the banks of the rivers by providing
them with protein-rich food. Unmanaged fish-
eries for this and other species should be stopped
to allow their reproduction and conservation.
Macrobrachium americanum (Figure 1) is a
prawn reaching a large size in the wild and is dis-
tributed in the Pacific coast from northern Mexi-
co to Peru (Wicksten and Hendrickx 2003;
Hernández et al.2007; Méndez-Martínez et al.
2017) (Figure 2). There are some studies on the
growth, nutrition, biochemistry, distribution and
ecology of this species (Hernández et al.2007;
422 MARINE AND FISHERY SCIENCES 35 (3): 421-430 (2022)
so para los pescadores y productores de esta especie. Para los investigadores es un desafío encontrar soluciones para la conservación del
M. americanum con énfasis en el desarrollo, la nutrición y la reproducción. Aunque existen estudios científicos que avalan la importancia
económica de esta especie, nuestro conocimiento sobre su cultivo, reproducción y conservación es limitado. Este artículo resume algunos
estudios en colaboración sobre M. americanum, liderados por el Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, México. Después
de varios años de investigación continua, se considera que esos esfuerzos han producido información útil para la explotación sostenible,
conservación y las posibles medidas de manejo para esta especie.
Palabras clave: Ecosistema de agua dulce, tasa de crecimiento, especie nativa de langostino, conservación, pesca sostenible.
423
AGÜERO-FERNÁNDEZ ET AL.: ADVANCES ON RESEARCH WITH MACROBRACHIUM AMERICANUM
Figure 1. Macrobrachium americanum adult male (left) and adult females (right) collected in Oasis San Pedro de la Presa,
Baja California Sur, Mexico (17° 03'36.14" N, 100° 01'35.03"W). Picture from Soberanes-Yepiz.
120° W 105° 90° 75° 60°
30° N
15°
0°
0 280 560 840 km
Cauque river prawn
Macrobrachium
Figure 2. Geographic distribution of cauque river prawn Macrobrachium americanum.
García-Guerrero et al.2011; Méndez-Martínez et
al.2018a; Soberanes-Yepiz et al. 2018; Sober-
anes-Yepiz 2020). However, it should be noted
that there is little knowledge on culture practices
or conservation goals. To address this issue, this
study aims to present the latest advances on
reproduction and nutrition of this prawn carried
out by researchers of the Centro de Investiga-
ciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR).
Economic facts of Macrobrachium ameri-
canum
At present, several research groups from CIB-
NOR La Paz, B.C. S. CUCOSTA Guadalajara and
CIIDIR Oaxaca in Mexico, have performed sever-
al proposals to determine the biological or ecolog-
ical features of M. americanum. This is a species
of high economic value based on their taste, high
protein content and appearance, which is expen-
sive for cuisine (García-Guerrero et al.2013;
Méndez-Martínez et al.2018a). Average prices
per kilogram range between USD 2.61 to USD
6.55 in a local market depending on demand, size
and quality of the product. Globally speaking, this
market is supplied mainly by M. rosenbergii, an
Asian native species commonly cultivated in
countries such as India, China and Thailand, and
exported to Europe, Asia and North America
(García-Guerrero et al.2013). In Latin America,
M. americanum is one of the largest prawns of the
genus with a maximum of 290 mm in total length
(Méndez-Martínez et al. 2017). It almost reaches
the size of M. rosenbergii, which is perhaps the
largest species of this genus, with up to 320 mm
in total length (Ibarra and Werthmann 2020).
Therefore, the cultivation of M. americanum has
become very attractive for aquaculture.
Recent research focused on Macrobrachium
americanum
Studies carried out with sub-adults of M. amer-
icanum by López-Uriostegui et al (2020) revealed
that larger specimens were collected at sites with
temperatures ranging from 26 °C to 29 °C and
salinity from 3 to 10.5. Meanwhile survival
decreased with temperatures above 30 °C and
salinities greater than 10. An optimum level for
survival was set at temperatures of 23-29 °C and
a salinity from 0 to 5. In another research, Sainz-
Hernández et al. (2016) observed that 29 °C
seems to be the best temperature for egg rearing,
since at this temperature eggs increased their vol-
ume by 50%, hatching rate was 100%, and larvae
survived for a longer time. They also observed
that at 26 °C eggs increased 25% in volume, 40%
of the eggs hatched, and larvae died in early
stages. Larvae of eggs incubated at 33 °C died
one day after hatching.
Based on the study of physical and chemical
parameters from two sampling sites (Coahuayan
river with salinity of 1.03, and the artificial irriga-
tion channel Zanja Prienta with salinity of 0.2 in
Michoacán), which are natural habitats of M.
americanum in Mexico, it is suggested that this
prawn is a better option for culture on water with
high alkalinity and total hardness in comparison
with M. rosenbergii (García-Guerrero et al.
2013). The latter authors also reported adults M.
americanum at temperatures as low as 21 °C,
however, post-larvae were present only at tem-
peratures above 25 °C. In general, M. ameri-
canum prefers to live under aquatic vegetation,
rocks, crevices and holes or dug in the mud leav-
ing their shelters to feed at night (González-Vera
et al.2018).
On the other hand, García-Guerrero and Hen-
drickx (2009) described the embryonic develop-
ment of the species and found that the incubation
period was 18 days at 24 °C. Likewise, García-
Guerrero (2009, 2010) studied the proximal com-
position of eggs incubated at different tempera-
tures and detected that the main source of energy
were lipids and that proteins were the most abun-
dant component. Regarding reproduction tech-
niques, Aquiñaga-Cruz et al. (2012) showed that,
even though eyestalk ablation of female M. amer-
424 MARINE AND FISHERY SCIENCES 35 (3): 421-430 (2022)
icanum did not trigger reproduction, such proce-
dure was recommended because the growth rate
increased twice and the aggressiveness between
animals was reduced, increasing survival.
Another research stated that M. americanum
has effective dispersal capabilities due to its life
history, including a pelagic larval stage and
behavioral characteristics, such as positive photo-
taxis as a juvenile and the ability to disperse in
terrestrial environments (García-Guerrero et al.
2013). On the other hand, McNamara et al.
(1983) observed little tolerance of first larval
stages of M. americanum to salinity on survival,
respiratory rate and molting. García-Guerrero and
Apun-Molina (2008) evaluated the effect of den-
sity and the use of shelters on the survival and
growth of juveniles and concluded that those kept
at low density and with shelter had better growth.
Additionally, García-Guerrero et al (2011) stud-
ied the oxygen consumption of specimens and
corroborated that both the temperature was the
determining factor, and that the mass-specific
oxygen consumption rate of small prawns was
higher than that of large prawns for all of the tem-
peratures studied.
In relation to nutritional studies, Pérez-
Rodríguez et al. (2018) analyzed the effect of five
diets with different amounts of crude protein (27,
33, 38, 43 and 48%) on growth and survival of
wild M. americanum prawns. The option with
33% protein level resulted in the best treatment
for the experimental design they followed.
Another important issue considered was eating
habits. Despite its daytime feeding preferences,
Lopez-Uriostegui et al. (2017) noticed that M.
americanum can be fed also at night or during the
dark period. Therefore, it is recommended to
offer food at both scenarios for this prawn, while
for species such as M. tenellum, feeding must be
given only during the light period.
Santamaría-Miranda et al. (2018) studied the
polyculture of M.americanum prawn and tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus) with different densities,
finding that their polyculture at room temperature
in freshwater with a density of 14: 5 (tilapia:
prawn) was like monoculture with beneficial
effects for both species.
Advances in reproduction and nutrition
Pérez-Rodríguez (2017) evaluated the effects
of three diets (Camaronina 35 Purina®, 100%
pelletized commercial food, and a 50:50% of
food: fresh food with sardine and squid meat) on
spermatophore production and sperm quality.
Prawns (15-130 g weight interval) were collected
in the oasis of San Pedro de la Presa, Baja Cali-
fornia Sur, Mexico. Specimens were fed daily for
244 days under controlled laboratory conditions
and sampled every 24 days. Results showed no
significant differences caused by diet between
sperm quality variables and reproductive exhaus-
tion (decrease in spermatophore weight, percent-
age of sperm produced and increase in the aver-
age number of dead sperm). Additionally, a com-
parison with specimens recently captured from
the wild in July 2017 revealed that all sperm qual-
ity variables were significantly higher in wild
specimens than in specimens kept in controlled
laboratory conditions. Since no significant differ-
ences in sperm quality were observed between
the three diets and considering that the pellet is
less expensive and easier to use than pelletized
food, the former is more recommended for feed-
ing reproductive M. americanum males.Howev-
er, morphological or anatomical aspects of this
reproductive structure still need to be clarified.
In addition, Yamasaki-Granados et al. (2012)
evaluated the larval survival for different combi-
nations of stocking density and feeding from lar-
vae cultivated in green water. From these combi-
nations, larvae fed with Artemia nauplii at a den-
sity of 50 larvae l-1 had the highest survival. Cur-
rently, supplies of juveniles are limited because
hatchery and laboratory-reared larvae are diffi-
cult to raise.
Méndez-Martínez (2017) performed three
related experiments with larvae and juveniles of
425
AGÜERO-FERNÁNDEZ ET AL.: ADVANCES ON RESEARCH WITH MACROBRACHIUM AMERICANUM
M. americanum obtained under laboratory condi-
tions from the spawning of wild females. Experi-
ments consisted of the evaluation of the effect of
Artemia nauplii enriched with microalgae on the
growth and survival of M. americanum larvae.
Three different diet combinations were used.
Those larvae fed with Artemia metanauplii I
enriched with Chaetoceros calcitrans diet
achieved the highest survival and growth. In
Experiment II, the effect of four concentrations of
crude protein (30.7, 37.2, 41.8 and 46.8%) in the
diet on the productive response, proximal compo-
sition, and body amino acid of juvenile M. amer-
icanum was determined. Survival was 100% in all
treatments. Dietary protein content had a signifi-
cant effect on the proximal composition and the
amino acid profile. Under experimental condi-
tions, prawns fed with 37.2% crude protein diet
reached a significantly highest final weight. In
experiment III, the effect of different levels of
protein (35 and 4%) and lipids (6, 10 and 14%) in
the diet with factorial arrangement (3 ×2) was
evaluated for six protein/energy relationships (17,
18, 19 20, 21, and 22 mg kJ-¹ g-¹). The effect on
productive and nutritional variables such as
hepatopancreas cytology, biochemical and hema-
tological composition was evaluated. Results
showed that the diet containing 35% protein and
10% lipids with a P/E ratio of 18 mg kJ-1 g-¹
seemed to be optimal for juveniles. It has been
demonstrated that a proper amount of dietary pro-
tein is helpful to minimize cannibalism (Mendez-
Martinez 2017). Since M. americanum has car-
nivorous trends, it can be assumed that this will
also work with this species.
On the other hand, Raso-Ramírez (2019) car-
ried out a population genetic study of this prawns
with specimens from Baja California Sur (Oasis
San Pedro de la Presa, La Paz, BCS) and from the
Coyuca river, Guerrero (Coyuca de Benítez,
Gro.). The main purpose was to evaluate the vari-
ation and genetic structure in two sites with dif-
ferent environmental conditions using primers for
three mitochondrial genes (16S rDNA, COI
mtDNA, and control region). Results indicated
that genetic diversity was within the interval nor-
mally observed for other decapod crustacean
species and other Macrobrachium species, show-
ing high values (Hd =0.99; π=0.011). The
genetic diversity observed in some sites of the
two places (BCS and Gro.), indicated them as
potential places for the conservation tasks, and
both seemed to be proper locations for future
genetic management programs as well as for the
development of cultivation biotechnologies. In
this study, values of genetic differentiation (ϕst)
were low and significant (ϕst =0.006-0.2).
Results of ANOVA did not indicate the existence
of two or more genetically different populations.
In another study carried out by Soberanes-
Yepiz (2020), adult specimens of M. americanum
were sampled in the Coyuca river, Guerrero,
México (August to September 2015) and the
Oasis of San Pedro de La Presa, BCS (June 2017
to October 2018). The author reported a positive
allometric growth for males (b >3) and a negative
allometric growth for females (b <3), finding that
female weight was a better predictor of total fer-
tility of M. americanum than length. The result-
ing equation describing the relationship between
weight and fecundity of females was: Fertility (as
number of eggs) =1,863.6 Wt-23482. Regarding
the experimental diet in terms of oxidative stress
prevention, it was suggested that a suitable diet
for juveniles should have a protein/lipid ration of
35/10. According to the gonadal stage, four stages
were identified: previtellogenesis, early vitelloge-
nesis, late vitellogenesis, and spawning. Repro-
duction occurred mostly during the rainy season
(from July to October), and ovigerous females
appeared mainly from September to October.
Therefore, M. americanum females are consid-
ered multiple spawners. This suggests that the
main period of capture of M. americanum prawns
occurs during the rainy season coinciding with
the pick of reproduction. Currently, there is no
regulation at all for their capture, which has
caused a significant decline in their populations
426 MARINE AND FISHERY SCIENCES 35 (3): 421-430 (2022)
in both places (García-Guerrero et al. 2013,
2015). Because of this, the total annual catch is
reducing every year, which is no longer a good
business for local fishermen. Consequently, they
look for a variety of other activities, different
from fishing. It is considered that a permanent
monitoring of this living resource is required, as
well as continuing the research on reproductive
and feeding behavior aspects of this prawn both
in the wild and in laboratory to propose and exe-
cute measures that promote its conservation
through sustainable management.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
There are several studies, most of them carried
out with the Genus Macrobrachium at the Centro
de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noreste S.C.,
based on culture improvement, larval production
juvenile feeding, reproduction techniques, assays
on growth and survival in ponds or tanks. The
study of native aquatic species like M. ameri-
canum is of great importance because they are key
elements in the recirculation of energy in fragile
and degraded ecosystems that are of primary
social and economic significance. Although there
are several studies on this species, it is required to
investigate on the relationship between density,
stocking size and the growth under mono and
polyculture conditions. Most research efforts
focused on domestication by selecting best fea-
tures or attributes that makes the species valuable,
like low aggressiveness and large size.
Studies on genetics are required to select spec-
imens with higher growth rate, since only prawns
of 50 to 60 g were obtained in farming systems of
rustic ponds. M. americanum seems to be a
species with good potential for commercial cul-
ture, given its large size and high market price.
This last should encourage researchers and justify
financial support to study this species. Finally, we
found that, after several years of continuous
research by researchers from different countries
(Mexico, Costa Rica, Brazil, Ecuador, USA),
those efforts have produced useful information
for the sustainable exploitation and prevention of
disappearance of this species.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research was developed in Centro de
Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C.
(CIBNOR) and supported by the Consejo
Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
project FC2016/2930. Miriam Victoria Martín-
Manzo (375953), and Maritza L. Soberanes-
Yepiz (Estancias posdoctorales por México
‘Mujeres Indígenas’ 666909) are postdoctoral
position at the CIBNOR. M. García-Guerrero
wishes to thank IPN scholarship programs
S.I.P./E.D.I. and C.O.F.A.A./S.I.B.E.
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